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Since Last Discussion: XII: Experience and Critical Periods (aka, Plastics) XIII: Brain Diseases I XIV: Brain Diseases II XV: Genetics and Human Brains: Clues from Abnormalities XVI: Reflections on Higher Brain Functions Lecture XII: Plasticity Neuromorphological Early Functional Molding Adult Tweeking On the Cellular Level (Hebb Rule) Neuromorphological Plasticity Organization guided by input Whisker and Neuronal Connections (9) Human: Visual Cortex (11) Periphery input to cortex Experiment: Label EyeSpecific Neurons (12) No Genetic Predisposition Labeled axons from visual thalamus to visual cortex in monkeys of different ages October 11, 2010 Axons related to left eye are red and those related to right eye are blue XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 5 Neuromorphological Plasticity Organization guided by input Whisker and Neuronal Connections (9) Human: Visual Cortex (11) Periphery input to cortex Experiment: Label EyeSpecific Neurons (12) Wide Branching to Delineated (13) No Genetic Predisposition Don’t use it, lose it. (14,15) Functional Plasticity Ends with Puberty Reinforcing Good Connections Early vs Late Bilinguals (21,22,23,24) Language Production “Early” bilingual subject - “Late” bilingual subject - Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s 44+) Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s 44+) October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 8 Functional Plasticity Ends with Puberty Reinforcing Good Connections Lose unused neurons (25) Early vs Late Bilinguals (21,22,23,24) Adult Plasticity Reinforcement through experience; adjustments Demo Quickly learned and lost (half-life) Hebb Rule Persistent firing of a cell by a different neuron results in metabolic or growth process change (37). 1. Increase post-synaptic sensitivity (38) 2. Create new synapses (39) October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 12 October 11, 2010 XII. Experience & Critical Periods (aka Plastics) 13 Lecture XII: Brain Disease: Parkinson’s • Phenotype: Characterized by an inability to initiate movement (walking) or terminate movement, tremors at rest, rigidity and minimal facial expressions. • Pathophysiology: Loss of Substantia nigra results in lost dopaminergic neurons • Loss of thalamic output from basal ganglia • Reduced excitation of motor neurons in the superior collicus and cortex THE BRAIN ATLAS, 3rd ed p 74 Substantia Nigra October 13, 2010 Lecture XIII. Brain Diseases - I. 15 THE BRAIN ATLAS, 3rd ed p 139 Substantia Nigra October 13, 2010 Lecture XIII. Brain Diseases - I. 16 Thalamus Globus Pallidus Caudate Nucleus & Putamen Decreased Excitation of Cortex Substantia Nigra Subthalamic Nucleus Thalamus Caudate Nucleus & Putame Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra Increased Excitation