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Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell. VOCABULARY replication DNA polymerase MAIN IDEA: Replication copies the genetic information. Fill in the blank or circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied / observed during the cell cycle. 2. DNA replication takes place in the centrosome / nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. 3. DNA is replicated during the M stage / S stage of the cell cycle. 4. DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell / organism will have a complete set of DNA following cell division. 5. A template is something that serves as a ___________. 6. Suppose that one strand of DNA has the sequence TAGGTAC. Write down the sequence of the complementary DNA strand. _______________________ MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication. 7. Circle all of the roles that proteins play during DNA replication. a. They help unzip the DNA strand. b. They hold the DNA strands apart. c. They attach nucleotides to the nucleus. d. They remove nucleotides from the DNA strands. e. They bond nucleotides together. Study Guide A continued Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ________________ bonds connecting base pairs must be broken. 9. DNA replication is called semiconservative because each molecule consists of one ___________ strand and one ___________ strand. Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step. a. Enzymes unzip the helix. b. Two identical DNA molecules result. c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands. 10. _______________ _______________ 11. _______________ _______________ 12. _______________ _______________ MAIN IDEA: Replication is fast and accurate. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin. 14. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that enables it to detect errors / enzymes and correct them. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating structural units. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between _____________________. Section 4: Transcription Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. VOCABULARY central dogma messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription transfer RNA (tRNA) RNA polymerase MAIN IDEA: RNA carries DNA’s instructions. Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation, transcription, and replication. For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA and RNA. 1. _______________ DNA RNA 2. _______________ _______________ ribose deoxyribose Proteins 3. _______________ _______________ ____________ double single U T DNA RNA 4. Contains the sugar ____________ Contains the sugar ____________ 5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ 6. Typically __________-stranded Typically __________-stranded Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. The enzyme that helps a cell to make a strand of RNA is called ________________________. 8. The following sentences summarize the three key steps of transcription. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, i. A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene / nucleus and begins to unwind the DNA / RNA. ii. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA. iii. The RNA strand attaches to / detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together. 9. Identify which type of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) performs each of the following functions. __________ brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help protein. make the growing __________ forms part of ribosomes. __________ is an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein. MAIN IDEA: The transcription process is similar to replication. 10. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following processes is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication. Transcription i. is catalyzed by large enzymes ii. is highly regulated by the cell iii. involves complementary base pairing of the DNA strand iv. involves unwinding of the DNA double helix v. occurs within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Replication Both Study Guide A continued 11. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following end results is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication. Transcription Replication Both i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the DNA in a cell ii. makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence. iii. occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as needed by a cell Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does. mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of ________________ to make. rRNA is a key component of ______________________. tRNA transfers, or carries, _____________________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. 13. Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of __________ to produce a complementary strand of ________.