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Biology Unit 1 – Brain, Background Paper 1-6 Neural Transmission If our nervous system transmitted messages by electrical impulses we would have instant reflexes. The signal would travel at near the speed of light. Response time would be nearly instantaneous. The signals do have an electrical nature and messages can be initiated by electrical shocks. Rather than moving along a wire like electricity, the signals in your nervous system move by changing the electrical charge of the Positive on the outside and negative on the inside membranes that make up the surface of axons and dendrites. Ions (electrically charged atoms) move in and out of the membrane, not along its length. The interior of an axon has a resting potential (electrical charge) that is negative. The exterior of the axon is positively charged. Ions flow both in and out of the axon when the surface membrane of the axon is disturbed by a Ions flow and change the charges to positive inside stimulus. This raises the potential of the interior and negative outside of the axon to positive. As the interior of the axon becomes more positively charged it affects the membrane just next to it and the new section allows ions to flow across the membrane. The drawing at the right1 shows the Change in charges carries the ‘signal’ down the neuron action potential as a signal moves down the axon. This wave of changing electrical charge flows down the axon until it reaches the terminal button. At the end (terminal button) of the axon the signal causes small sacks (vesicles) of chemicals to be released into the space between the end of the axon and the dendrite of the next neuron. These chemicals (neurotransmitters) travel across the space between the two neurons (synapse) and cause the next neuron to begin an action potential. The knee jerk reflex is a monosynaptic response system. This means that the signal only travels through two neurons and one synapse. It doesn’t even travel as far as the brain. It only takes about 50 milliseconds (50 thousandths of a second) to complete the trip from your knee to your spinal cord and back to the thigh muscles. Go to: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/dottime.html and test your reaction time. Record your results in the data box and paste into My Reaction Test Score = your journal. 1 Reading 1-6 www-psych.stanford.edu Name ____________________________ Date ______________ Period ________ Title of Reading: 1-6 Neural Transmission Points Earned 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Concept Map of Reading (3 points) Main Idea A) What one question do I have about this article? 1 Point A&B B) Show or describe the reading to a parent or guardian (Name ___________________). What comments or questions did they have concerning the reading? (Biology Homework Time __________) # 1 2 3 Background1-6,Neurotransmission2014.docx Text 2014 Greg Ballog Answer Page 2