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trp operon – a repressible system Attenuation - alternative structures trp operon leader mRNA Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complex than it is in prokaryotes because of: – the larger amount of DNA – the organization of chromatin – larger number of chromosomes – spatial separation of transcription and translation – mRNA processing – RNA stability – cellular differentiation in eukaryotes Possible levels of regulation in eukaryotes Expression of eukaryotic genes is controlled by specific cis-acting regulatory elements Activating genes by chromatin remodeling Making the promoter accessible Assembly of basal transcription factors Enhancer binding In eukaryotes there are no operons. Genes that need to be expressed the same time have enhancers that can interact with the same txn fact Combinatorial gene regulation Model for the action of the hormone glucocorticoid Posttranscriptional regulation – alternative aplicing