Download Nerve Cell Flashcards

Nerve Cell Flashcards
1. What does the word “innervates” mean?
2. 3 parts of the Nervous System
3. What are the two parts of the CNS?
4. What does the Autonomic Nervous System
control and what are its 2 divisions?
5. What kinds of neurons enter the CNS?
6. What kind of neurons leave the CNS?
7. What sheath covers the axon (not referring
to myelin)?
8. What sheath covers a fascicle (bundle of
neurons)
9. What sheath covers a bunch of fascicles?
10. What is the neurilemma?
11. What is movement of nutrients, wastes, and
organelles between the cell body and axon
terminals
12. What three things do all neurons do?
13. What three characteristics do all neurons
share?
Refers to a nerve supplying a muscle or organ. For
example, “The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
muscle”.
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal
cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves of the
body
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): has parts of
the CNS and PNS.
Brain and Spinal cord
Controls autonomic function (blood pressure,
digestion, etc).
a. Sympathetic division
b. Parasympathetic division
Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor
receptors. They are carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the
CNS
Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS.
They innervate muscles and glands
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium
Outermost covering of a neuron (plasma membrane)
Axoplasmic transport
1. Receive a signal. Can be any type of stimulus
(change in environment, signal from another neuron,
etc).
2. Transmit a signal to another location. E.g. finger
touching something  signal to spinal cord or brain.
3. Stimulate another cell
a. Another neuron  transmit signal
b. Muscle  contraction
c. Gland  secretion
1. Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime
2. Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to
undergo mitosis (the y lose their centrioles);
neural stem cells are an exception
3. High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen
and glucose
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Nerve Cell Flashcards
14. Picture of Sensory vs Motor Neurons
axon
15. Photo of NEURON anatomy
16. What receives the signal and carries the
nerve conduction toward the cell body?
17. Where are the nucleus, ribosomes, and
most organelles located?
18. What has the function of transmitting
signals from the cell body to the area with
neurotransmitters?
19. What part of a neuron stimulates another
cell?
20. Describe the correct path an impulse takes
across a synapse.
DENDRITES
The CELL BODY
AXON
SYNAPTIC KNOBS
Axon of presynaptic neuron  SYNAPTIC CLEFT 
dendrite of post synaptic neuron
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Nerve Cell Flashcards
21. What are synaptic knobs filled with?
The synaptic knob has vesicles filled with a
neurotransmitter that carries the signal.
22. What are 5 types of glia cells?
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann Cell
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cells
They support the neurons
No. The impulses jump over the oligodendrocytes and
Schwann cells, and astrocytes and microglia are not
involved in nerve impuses at all.
No, the interneurons do that.
23. What is the function of glia cells?
24. Do glia cells carry nerve impulses?
25. Do glia cells process information in the
nervous system?
26. What are the supporting cells of the nervous GLIA
system?
27. Where do most brain tumors originate from? Most tumors of the brain originate from glial cells.
28. What is Wallerian Degeneration?
process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed,
in which the part of the axon separated from the
neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury.
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Nerve Cell Flashcards
29. What are the types of synapses?
30. Photo of two of the 4 types of glial cells
31. Which cells provide the myelin sheath for
neurons in the CNS?
32. Which cells provide the myelin sheath for
neurons in the PNS?
33. What is the function of MYELIN
SHEATHS
34. What are the BARE regions of axonal
membranes found only in myelinated axons
called?
35. What conducts impulses faster – myelinated
or unmyelinated axon?
36. Where are unmyelinated axons found?
37. Are unmyelinated axons thinner or thicker
than myelinated?
38. What is myelin made of?
39. What is an autoimmune disease where the
oligodendrocytes (the myelin sheaths) are
destroyed, interfering with the neuron
functions in the CNS and brain?
40. What is the most common neurological
disease of young adults?
41. What are the two differences between
SCHWANN CELLS and
OLIGODENDRICYTES?
axosomatic
neuroeffector synapses
axodendritic
axoaxonic
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cell
OLIGODENDROCYTES
SCHWANN CELLS
to speed up the rate of nerve impulse conduction.
NODES OF RANVIER
Myelinated
Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons in
the PNS and CNS.
Unmyelinated axons are thinner.
Mostly lipid
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Schwann cells are in PNS and each cell only forms one
myelin sheath.
Oligodendricytes are in CNS and each cell can form more
than one myelin sheaths.
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Nerve Cell Flashcards
42. What are the 3 functions of an
ASTROCYTE?
a. Physically supports the neurons
b. Transmits materials from capillaries to neurons
c. Forms blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps out
harmful substances and many medicines
43. What is the only function of the blood-brain The only function of the blood-brain barrier is to help
barrier BBB?
protect the central nervous system.
44.
They are macrophages
D
Define MICROGLIA and their function
They pick up bacteria and debris
41. What are ependymal cells?
Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
42. What is the portion of the CNS that is
GREY MATTER
unmyelinated (cell bodies of neurons, glia, and
dendrites)?
45. What is the portion of the CNS with myelin WHITE MATTER
46. What is a collection of axons in the PNS?
NERVE; No cell bodies, dendrites, or synapses; just
axons.
47. What is a collection of axons in the CNS
TRACT
48. Where is most information processed?
SYNAPSES in the CNS
49. What is a collection of cell bodies in the
Ganglion
PNS?
50. What is a network of nerves called?
NERVE PLEXUS
51. What are the neurons that leave the CNS to MOTOR NEURONS
effect a muscle or gland?
52. What neurons go from body to CNS,
SENSORY NEURON
carrying sensory information?
53. What is a small neuron found only in the
INTERNEURON
CNS?
54. What is the function of interneuron?
it connects two other neurons in the spinal cord
55. What makes the CNS complex?
The large number of interneurons in the CNS
56. Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons In gray matter
and interneurons located?
57. Gray matter in the CNS contains what
Neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, dendrites. Everything
structures?
except myelinated neurons
58. For a substance to diffuse across a
a) The membrane must be permeable to the substance
semipermiable membrane, what two
b) The substance must have a concentration gradient
conditions must be met?
59. At resting membrane potential, is the inside
Inside is negative, outside is positive
of the cell membrane positive or negative?
What about the outside of the cell
membrane?
60. What makes the inside of a cell membrane
Proteins inside the cell make it negative
negatively charged?
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Nerve Cell Flashcards
61. What changes the overall charge on the
inside and outside of the cell membrane?
The charges change when sodium channels open
during neuron stimulation
62. When a cell is at resting membrane potential
and is then stimulated by a neuron, what is the
first thing that happens to start the change in
the overall charge on the inside of the cell?
63. Does potassium leave the cell because of
neuron stimulation?
64. Why does sidedness exist (inside of cell
negative, outside positive)?
Sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.
65. Why does potassium constantly want to leave a
cell?
66. Why does potassium want to get back into a
cell?
67. What is the resting membrane potential of a
cell? Why does potassium constantly want to
leave a cell?
68. When does Depolarization occur?
69. When does Repolarization occur?
70. What is an action potential?
71. What is the correct sequence of events at a
synapse?
72. What are the three structural classifications of
neurons?
73. What are the structural classification of
neurons based on ?
74. What happens if a neuron’s supply of
neurotransmitters is exhausted?
No, it can leave anytime because its channel is leaky.
a) The cell membrane has different permeabilities to
each ion
b) Pumps exist which force particular ions into or out of
the cell
c) Channels made out of protein selectively allow
particular ions into or out of the cell.
It wants to leave to diffuse down its concentration gradient
It wants to get back into a cell because it is attracted to the
negative charges on the protein inside the cell
The resting membrane potential is how negative or positive
the charge of the cell membrane is when it is not being
stimulated by a neuron. The resting membrane potential is
Minus 70-minus 90 mV
Depolarization:
Enough sodium ions flow into the cell to make the membrane
potential become positive
Repolarization:
Enough sodium ions flow out of the cell to make the
membrane potential become negative
Action Potential = depolarization + repolarization
The nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the
presynaptic cell, then the neurotransmitter is released. The
NT binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, generating an
action potential in the postsynaptic cell axon. Then the NT is
removed from the receptors of the postsynaptic cell, either by
an enzyme, or they are taken back up into the presynaptic
terminal knob and recycled.
1. Unipolar
2. Bipolar
3. Multipolar
the number of processes that project from the cell body.
It might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to
another cell
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