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Nervous System: Part 2 Organization of the Nervous System The Senses Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS) brain spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory nerves Motor nerves carry sensory information into brain and spinal cord carry motor information from CNS to effectors somatic sensory nerves: signals from skin, muscles, joints, special senses visceral sensory nerves: signals from body organs Somatic motor nerves: signals to skeletal muscles, voluntary Sympathetic division “fight or flight” Autonomic motor nerves: signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, involuntary Parasympathetic division “rest and digest” Parts of the Brain Cortex: thinking, learning, memory, speech movement, senses sends sensory input to cerebrum homeostasis muscle coordination breathing, heart rate, blood pressure Spinal Cord and Reflex Arcs pin dorsal root ganglion Involve the Somatic Nervous System central canal white matter sensory receptor (in skin) Dorsal gray matter dorsal horn cell body of sensory neuron axon of sensory neuron cell body of interneuron effector (muscle) axon of motor neuron ventral root cell body of motor neuron Ventral ventral horn Autonomic Nervous System dilates pupils speeds heart dilates air passages decreases stomach and intestinal activity constricts pupils slows heart constricts bronchioles increases stomach and intestinal activity Nervous System Case Study: Hemimegalenchephaly • Dylan Catania was born with an oversized right hemisphere in his brain that was causing constant seizures • His only hope of survival and brain development involved early surgery to sever the connections between the right and left hemispheres of the brain Nervous System Case Study: Hemimegalenchephaly Nervous System Case Study: Surgery for Hemimegalenchephaly Nervous System Case Study: Surgery for Hemimegalenchephaly Nervous System Case Study: Hemimegalenchephaly Dylan has been seizure free since his surgery! Sensation and Perception Sensation: impulses arrive at cerebral cortex Perception: cortex interprets meaning of sensations Sensory Areas on Cerebral Cortex Sense of Vision: Structure of the Eye photoreceptors detect light takes nerve impulses to brain Photoreceptors synapse with neurons that take signal to optic nerve lens focuses light on retina photoreceptors Sense of Vision: Photoreceptors detects color detects light absorbs light, initiates series of steps leading to nerve signal Sense of Hearing: Structure of the Ear 3. Ossicles (bones) of middle ear multiply pressure of vibration 4. Membrane-covered opening transfers pressure to inner ear 1. Sound enters auditory canal 2. Eardrum vibrates slightly due to sound waves 5. Pressure enters fluid-filled chamber containing mechanoreceptors Sense of Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Bend when basilar membrane moves mechanoreceptor Vibrates in response to pressure in inner ear takes nerve impulses to brain Sense of Taste: Chemoreceptors Taste buds occur along the walls of papillae Molecules bind to receptors on microvilli of taste cells Signal from receptor is transmitted within the cell Nerve impulses are sent to brain chemoreceptor Sense of Taste Signal Transmission for Salty and Sour Tastes Sodium binds and opens a channel for more sodium to enter Protons bind and open a channel for more protons to enter Release of calcium triggers neurotransmitter release and neuron stimulation Sense of Taste Signal Transmission for Sweet and Bitter Tastes Internal communication leads to neuron stimulation