* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Brain Awareness Day - Lakehead Science Education (Matt Roy)
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
5 SENSES The Nervous System! • Body’s control center • 3 main parts: – Brain – Spinal Cord – Neurons • Your brain uses information it receives from your nerves to coordinate all of your actions and reactions! NERVES (or NEURONS) DENDRITES AXON CELL BODY • Different from normal cells? Why? – Neurons carry electrical signals from one part of your body to another – DENDRITES receive signals from other neurons – AXONS pass signals away to other neurons The BRAIN • The brain is made up of ~100 billion nerve cells • Controls EVERYTHING that makes you who you are (likes, dislikes, skills) • Even controls things you don’t need to think about (heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure) Cerebral LOBES • • • • FRONTAL: Planning, Problem solving, Speech, Smell PARIETAL: Touch, Movements in response to environment TEMPORAL: Memory, Hearing, Emotion, Language OCCIPITAL: Vision VISION VISION • When light hits an object, it bounces off and is reflected into our eyes. • The LENS and CORNEA collect the light and focus it through the PUPIL • The IRIS opens and closes depending on how much light is available • The light is then projected onto a special layer of cells called the RETINA . RETINA: PHOTORECEPTORS • The retina is made up of specialized NEURONS known as PHOTORECEPTORS • 2 types: – RODS: VERY light sensitive • Black and white • 120 million – CONES: not so light sensitive • Colour vision • 6-7 million Yellow Green Violet Cone Cone Cone Different Photoreceptors = Different Vision ANIMAL VISION • Prairie dogs and squirrels are red/green color blind • Sharks are almost completely color blind To the brain! • Photoreceptors transform the light and color into impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the OPTIC NERVE – Blind Spot • The brain decodes the message! – Which lobe?? Which one is the biggest??? Are they moving???? Smell/Taste What do Smell and Taste have in common? • They are both chemical senses! – Molecules in the air or our mouths dissolve and bind to receptors which send signals to the brain! What do you smell? • Rate from 1-10 how strong this smell is! • Olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity – Called Olfactory epithelium • Molecules dissolve in mucus => stimulate receptors => signals olfactory bulbs => brain • Olfactory areas of the brain communicate with areas responsible for emotion and memory – Can you think of any examples? ANIMAL SMELL • Humans can distinguish 10,000 different smells • There is only 1 type of receptor but patterns of activation allow us to differentiate • Animals often have incredible senses of smell! • Can you think why? – Finding food – Finding mates – Avoiding predators – ….. Can you still smell the orange? • Rate the orange smell from 1-10 now … is there a difference? • ADAPTATION! • Can you think of any examples? – New buildings – Christmas tree – Perfume – Fresh paint – …… Taste and smell work together! – Does food taste the same when you have a cold? – Why not? • Flavour is actually the combination of smell, taste, texture and temperature. Taste cell receptors cluster into taste buds (or papillae) • Where do we have taste buds? – Tongue – Roof of mouth – Upper esophagus • Taste buds have taste pores allowing contact with food molecules • Signals about taste are then sent to the brain! There are 4 basic tastes! – Sweet – Salty – Sour – Bitter – Umami? • All parts of your tongue can taste all tastes but there are places where certain receptors are concentrated! ….. Or are there? • Let’s map your tongue! Bitter Sour Salty Sweet Hearing What is sound? • Sound is made from an object when it produces vibrations through matter – Called Sound Waves! • Matter can be solid (earth), liquid (water) or gas (air) – Usually we hear sound though air! How do we hear different sounds? – We hear different pitches because the air vibrates at a different frequency – We hear different volumes because of the waves amplitude • Can you guess the vibration? – – – – Police sirens Thunder Mouse squeak Cat purr Freq Amp Freq Amp Freq Amp Freq Amp In order to hear we need a way to take information about vibrations and send it to the brain! Path of a sound wave …. Outer ear (Pinna) => Outer ear (Eardrum) => Middle ear (Ossicles) => Inner ear (Cochlea) => Inner ear (hair cells) => Auditory nerve => Temporal lobe! How well do you localize sound? The Barn Owl Need to hunt well at night and localize in 3D Use Asymmetric ears and Feathers instead of Cartilage Touch TOUCH • We experience TOUCH all over our bodies • Touch begins at nerve endings (TOUCH RECEPTORS) under your skin • Receptors send information about touch to your brain (which part?) TOUCH RECEPTORS • 4 types of touch receptors : – PAIN – PRESSURE – VIBRATION – TEMPERATURE • Why is touch important? What would happen if you couldn’t feel pain? The HOMUNCULUS • Not all parts of your body experience touch equally – Which ones feel the most? Why? • The Homunculus: – Where in the parietal lobe information in processed – Size=number of receptors/sensitivity to touch Touch Activity! Summary Quiz! senses • With the 5……… the brain is able to perceive the world around you. • Receptors take information from the Environment ……….. and through neurons relay it to the Brain …… • Animals develop specialized senses due to Adaptation ..…..….. Let’s label the lobes!