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Learning & Memory Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroanatomy http://zlab.rutgers.edu/lzclasses.html Sean Montgomery - TA [email protected] The Brain Does 3 Things - Sensory Input - Integration - Behavioral Output Philosophy of Memory - Encoding - Acquisition - Consolidation - Storage - Retrieval Experimental Subdivisions of Memory • Sensory Memory • Short-term (working) memory • Long-term memory Sensory Memory Short-term (Working) Memory Transfer from Short- to Long-term Memory The Modal Model By Atkinson & Shiffrin Double Dissociation of Short-term and Long-term Memory Machinery Patient E.E. has damage to the left angular gyrus causing a deficit in shortterm, but not long term memory Patient H.M. had damage to the medial temporal lobe causing a deficit in longterm, but not short-term memory Long-term Memory (a little history) - Behaviorist’s view that all learning could be constructed from simple stimulus-response associations - Tolman showed that animals could form stimulus-stimulus associations or internal cognitive maps COGNITIVE MAPS IN RATS AND MEN[1] Edward C. Tolman (1948) First published in The Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. Modern Breakdown of Memory Patient H.M. H.M. Can Learn New Skills - Mirror Tracing - Incomplete Picture Identification Patient M.S. Has a Deficit in Perceptual Priming (implicit memory) Patient K.C. Can Acquire Semantic, but not Episodic Memory Consolidation of Memory Korsakoff’s Syndrome PET Imaging Animal Models of Amnesia Animal Models of Memory What is declarative memory in a species that can’t talk? - Some investigators hypothesize that declarative memories involve complex representations of relationships between different aspects of the memory Episodic Memory soft Semantic Memory flannel left metal Walk down street wearing shirt saw woman hair purse bat hit screamed loud bases round leather stitching man took woman runs ball old blue red red swings wood foot hurts batter Baseball throws pitcher catches fielder glove Relational Memory in Rodents Depends on the Hippocampus Spatial Memory is Relational in Nature Spatial Memory Task Transverse Patterning Task Spatial Tasks Require the Hippocampus Spatial Water Maze Task Requires the Hippocampus Non-Spatial Water Maze Task Doesn’t Require the Hippocampus Double Dissociation of Spatial Vs. Stimulus-Response Learning - Using a spatial strategy requires an intact hippocampus Probe Start TurnResponse Strategy Place Strategy - Using a response strategy requires an intact dorsolateral striatum - Early in training animals use a place strategy Reward - Late in training animals use a turnresponse strategy Start Cellular Basis of Learning Hebb’s Law - If a synapse is active when a postsynaptic neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened i.e. Cells that fire together, wire together. • Cooperativity More than one input must be active at the same time • Associativity Weak inputs are potentiated when paired with stronger inputs • Specificity Only active synapses are potentiated Hebb’s Law • Cooperativity Without cooperativity new memories can’t be formed. Those presynaptic cells that can fire the post synaptic cell will continue to do so and those that cannot fire the post synaptic cell will never be able to. A B Hebb’s Law • Associativity A B Before Pairing Hebb’s Law • Associativity A B Pairing Hebb’s Law • Associativity A B Pairing Hebb’s Law • Associativity A B After Pairing Hebb’s Law • Specificity A B Before Pairing Hebb’s Law • Specificity A B Pairing Hebb’s Law • Specificity A B After Pairing Molecular Basis of Learning Molecular Basis of Learning