* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Genes and Gene Technology Chapter 7 What do Genes Look Like? • 1869- DNA isolated from a cell nucleus – Unclear of function, or role in inheritance • 75 years later 1944-Oswald T. Avery – Discovered DNA is the carrier of genetic information • Each strand of DNA contains 9 billion base pairs • If you could print a book with genetic information of one cell it would be 500,000 pages long • Uncoiled DNA about 2m long Pieces of a puzzle • • • • • Traits are determined by genes Genes are passed from one generation to another Genes are located on chromosomes DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid Genes material must carry out two functions – Supply complex instructions for cell processes and for building cell structures – Must be copied each time a cell divides • Ensures heredity information is passed to next generation • 1940 genes of bacteria and viruses are made of DNA Nucleotides- Subunits of DNA • DNA is made of 4 subunits-called nucleotides • Nucleotides have 3 different types of material – A sugar – A phosphate – A base • Nucleotides are identical except for the type of base present and slightly different shape • Four bases – Adanine (A) – Thymine (T) – Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C) Nucleotides • Can you imagine how they might fit together? (sugar) Chargaff’s Rules • 1950 biochemist Erwin Chargaff – Studied samples of DNA from different organisms – Amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount of thymine – Amount of guanine in DNA always equals the amount cytosine – Chargaff’s rules are represented as follows • A=T • G=C • Ratio of units in a DNA strand differ between organisms • http://www.dnalc.org/view/15495-Chargaff-s-ratios-3Danimation-with-narration.html Picture of DNA • Chemist Rosalind Franklin – Created images of DNA molecules – X-ray diffraction • X-ray hits a particle within the molecule • Ray bounces off the particle • Pattern is captured on film – DNA has a spiral shape James Watson and Francis Crick • Built models of DNA • DNA resembles a twist ladder shape known as a double helix • Used model to predict how DNA is copied • Crick is said to have exclaimed “We have discovered the secret of life” DNA Structure • Refer to page 154 (picture) • DNA structure – Two sides of the “ladder” made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules – Rungs are made of a pair of nucleotides • Adenine always pairs with thymine • Guanine always pairs with cytosine • (remember Chargaff’s rules) • Bases must pair up a certain way • If a mistake happens, the gene will not carry the correct information Making copies of DNA • Remember adenine always bonds with thymine and guanine always bonds with cytosine • Bases on one side of the molecule become a template (pattern) for the other side • One side is complimentary to the other side • Example ACCG would have the sequence TGGC on the other side to form a new complimentary side • Creates two identical molecules of DNA • DNA molecules are split down the middle where the two bases meet • Each side of the ladder is able to pair with additional nucleotides that are free in the nucleus See photo pg. 155 Trait to Gene • Bases on one side of a molecule can be put in any order • Enormous variety of genes • Each gene has a string of bases, the order of the bases gives the cell information about how to make each trait • DNA functions the same way for all organisms • Faulty or missing genes cause disease – Cystic fibrosis – Sickle cell anemia – Scientists hope to be able to treat genetic disorders someday by altering genes within body cells – Refer to picture on page 156-157 Traits • Mendel’s findings uncovered basic principles of how genes are passed from generation to generation • Incomplete dominance – Mendel found that different traits did not blend together to produce an in between form – Since then researcher have found that sometimes different traits are equally dominant – Each allele has its own degree of influence (incomplete dominance) – Ex. red and white snapdragons-produce pink snapdragons Traits • One gene can influence many traits – Ex. white tiger – White fur influenced by a single gene – This gene also influences eye color Many genes can influence a single trait • Several genes acting together influence – Skin color – Hair color – Eye color • Difficult to tell sometimes if a trait is the result of a dominant or recessive trait • You may have blue eyes, probably a different shade than the blue eyes of a classmate • Different alleles result in slight differences in the amount of pigment present Environment • Genes aren’t the only thing that influences your development • Consider the importance of: – Healthy diet – Exercise – Examples set by adults • Genes may determine that you can grow tall – Must receive the proper nutrition to reach your potential height – Talent may be inherited but must be developed