* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
Saethre–Chotzen syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Copy-number variation wikipedia , lookup
Pathogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2 wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene nomenclature wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Gene desert wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Section 3: Gene Technologies in Detail Preview • Bellringer • Key Ideas • Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation • Major Gene Technology Processes • Exploring Genomes • Summary Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Bellringer Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Write the name of a fruit or vegetable that you don’t like to eat and explain why you don’t like it. Then write about ways in which the fruit or vegetable could possibly be changed by genetic engineering so that you would like it. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Key Ideas • What are the basic tools of genetic manipulation? • How are these tools used in the major processes of modern gene technologies? • How do scientists study entire genomes? Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation • The basic tools of DNA manipulation rely on the chemical nature of genetic material and are adapted from natural processes discovered in cells. • These tools include restriction enzymes, polymorphisms, gel electrophoresis, denaturation, and hybridization. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation, continued Restriction Enzymes • A restriction enzyme cuts double-stranded DNA into fragments by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences and cutting the DNA at those sequences. • These enzymes can be used to cut up a DNA sample in specific ways and to create sticky ends for splicing DNA. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation, continued Polymorphisms • Differences between the DNA sequences of individuals are called DNA polymorphisms. • Differences of just one nucleotide are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). • Differences in restriction sites is called restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation, continued Gel Electrophoresis • Electrophoresis is a process in which electrically charged particles move through a liquid or a gel • Often, DNA fragments are forced though a gel. • Shorter fragments will move faster. • The result is a lane of fragments sorted by size. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Basic Tools for Genetic Manipulation, continued Denaturation • Some conditions, can cause DNA to denature, or untwist and split into single strands. • Scientists can easily denature and renature DNA for further manipulations. Hybridization • Under the right conditions, complementary segments of DNA or RNA will bind together, or hybridize. • Genetic tools that take advantage of this natural process includes: – Primers – Probes – cDNA Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Major Gene Technology Processes • The major methods for working with genes use some combination of the basic tools and mechanisms of cellular machinery. • These methods include PCR, DNA sequencing, and gene recombination. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Major Gene Technology Processes, continued Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • The PCR process is widely used to clone DNA sequences for further study or manipulation. • PCR imitates the normal process of DNA replication. • The process is called a chain reaction because it is repeated over and over. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Major Gene Technology Processes, continued DNA Sequencing • DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of every nucleotide in a gene. • The major modern method is chain termination sequencing. • The steps are: 1. Start Copying a Template 2. Randomly Terminate the Copies 3. Sort the Copies by Size Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Major Gene Technology Processes, continued Gene Recombination and Cloning • The first attempts at gene recombination and cloning were done by inserting a gene into an organism that replicates easily. • The steps were: 1. Cut DNA Samples 2. Splice Pieces Together 3. Place into Host 4. Replicate Gene 5. Screen for Gene • Other methods may use similar steps. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Exploring Genomes • One can view a map of an entire nation or “zoom in” to view a particular state, city, neighborhood, or street. • In a similar way, one can explore and map a genome at many levels, including species, individual, chromosome, gene, or nucleotide. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Section 3 Exploring Genomes, continued Mapping Methods • Genome mapping is the process of determining the relative position of all of the genes on chromosomes in an organism’s genome. • To determine the relative locations, genome mapping may use several methods: – Linkage Mapping methods identify the relative order of genes along a chromosome. – Physical Mapping methods determine the exact number of base pairs between specific genes. – Human chromosome mapping has mostly used historical family records. Gene Technologies and Human Applications Basic Genome Mapping Section 3