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TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE Microbiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 9, part B Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Genetic Engineering: cloning a gene Figure 9.11.1 Genetic Engineering Figure 9.11.2 Making a Gene Product Figure 9.12.1 Making a Gene Product Figure 9.12.2 E. coli • Used because it is easily grown and its genomics are known • Need to eliminate endotoxin from products • Cells must be lysed to get product Making a Gene Product Figure 9.13 Therapeutic Applications • Subunit vaccines – Recombivac Hepatitis B • Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen's antigens as vaccines • Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes • Human Genome Project – Nucleotides have been sequenced – Human Proteome Project may provide diagnostics and treatments Random Shotgun Sequencing: Skip this Figure 9.14 Scientific Applications • Understanding of DNA • Sequencing organisms' genomes • DNA fingerprinting for identification Figure 9.16 Southern Blotting To look for a gene or sequence Figure 9.15.1 Southern Blotting Figure 9.15.2 Southern Blotting Figure 9.15.3 Agricultural Applications Table 9.2 Genetic Engineering Using Agrobacterium Figure 9.18 Safety Issues and Ethics • Avoid accidental release – Frankenfish and frankenfood (corn) • Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment – Bt with new protein • Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? – Patents - sell to poor countries for profit