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Nucleic Acids • Large polymers • Made of linked nucleotides • Components of a nucleotide? • A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 2 types DNA / RNA structure DNA Sugar Nitrogenous bases Shape RNA • DNA is anti-parallel One strand is “flipped” in relation to the other Fig. 8-5 CELL CYCLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS INTERPHASE G1 First gap phase -growth -normal cell activities S (DNA synthesis) -DNA copies (replicates) itself G2 Second gap phase -growth -cell prepares for mitosis Mitosis = division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm Two strands separate Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base DNA replication Semi-conservative replication The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand DNA replication starts at an origin of replication (many in eukaryotes) forming replication bubbles Enzymes involved in replication • Helicase unwinds the double helix • DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand • DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together DNA Polymerase • Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain • Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain –Result: –The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently Function of DNA????? But where is eukaryotic DNA found? Where are proteins built? Central idea of genetics Flow of genetic information in organisms Trait template Where would this occur? Where would this occur? Structure of a chromosome made up of DNA and Protein many genes on single chromosome Structure of a gene 3 types of RNA all coded for by the DNA in the nucleus tRNA •Transfer RNA mRNA • Messenger RNA rRNA • Ribosomal RNA Process of Transcription Step 1 Initiation •The promoter is sequence of DNA recognized by RNA polymerase •Determines which of the two strands will act as the template Step 2: Elongation RNA polymerase moves down the DNA elongating the mRNA strand based on the sequence in DNA RNA will use Uracil to base pair with Adenine Step 3: Termination When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region on the DNA it will stop and release the mRNA template Codon: 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies one amino acid or signals translation to stop Who are the players in translation?? mRNA tRNA Ribosomes (made of protein and rRNA) mRNA tRNA Ribosome Made of rRNA and Protein Large subunit Initiation of Translation Elongation of the polypeptide chain Termination Met - Gln - Arg - Cys RNA processing in Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cell •No RNA processing •Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously AIDS research Malaria Recently, scientists engineered several rhesus macaques to express GFP, along with a protein that pre-disposes the animals to Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. The researchers used GFP to confirm that the monkeys had received the disease-causing gene Prokaryote • transcription and translation can occur simultaneously • no nucleus Prokaryotic cell •Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously •No RNA processing Two strands separate Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base DNA replication Semi-conservative replication The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand Enzymes involved in replication • Helicase unwinds the double helix • DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand • DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together DNA Polymerase • Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain • Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain –Result: –The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently