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All of the following processes occur within
mitochondria except:
A) the splitting of glucose.
B) the formation of citric acid.
C) the catabolism of citric acid to produce
NADH, CO2, and H+.
D) the transfer of electrons from NADH to the
electron transport chain.
E) the reduction of oxygen to form water.
In gylcolysis, a small amount of ATP is produced
by substrate level phosphorylation.
A) True
B) False
T F Phosphorylation of ADP in the electron transport
chain is powered by the movement of electrons
through an ATP-synthase molecule.
Outline
I. What is DNA?
II. How does DNA code for
proteins?
III. Human Genome Project
The plans for all proteins are encoded
This plan is called DNA
DNA Function
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as
code for protein synthesis
DNA Function
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as
code for protein synthesis
• Gene – segment of DNA that codes for
one polypeptide
• Genome - all the genes of one person
The Structure of DNA
• DNA is a polymer of __________
• ____________ consist of:
– sugar
– phosphate group
– nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
•
•
•
•
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
(A)
(T)
(C)
(G)
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
•
•
•
•
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
(A)
(T)
(C)
(G)
DNA has roughly equal quantities of A & T,
and equal quantities of C & G
Watson & Crick revealed the structure of DNA.
What Does your DNA Look Like?
What Does your DNA Look Like?
DNA Structure
• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase
1
2
DNA Structure
• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase
• Phosphate-sugar handrails
• Nitrogenous Base Pair steps
1
2
The Double Helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
• Nitrogenous bases
form hydrogen bonds
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Complementary Base Pairing
• Only certain bases
can bond (A—T and
C—G)
Sugar-phosphate backbone
• Nitrogenous bases
form hydrogen bonds
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Complementary Base Pairing
• Only certain bases can
bond (A—T and C—G)
• One strand determines
base sequence of other
strand
Sugar-phosphate backbone
• Nitrogenous bases form
hydrogen bonds
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Complementary Base Pairing
It has not escaped our notice that the specific
pairing we have postulated immediately suggests
a possible copying mechanism for the genetic
material.
- Watson & Crick, 1953, Nature
Structure of DNA
• What is a gene?
– Short segment of DNA
~ 30,000 genes in your DNA
– Each gene codes for 1 protein
Structure of DNA
• Total length of 3 meters
Three meters long?!
But how does it all fit
in such a tiny cell?
Condensed
vs
Uncondensed
DNA
5 Steps
Packaging of DNA
1. DNA
Almost
never
like this
Packaging of DNA
Proteins
1. DNA
Almost
never
like this
2. Chromatin
Almost
always like
this
3. Chromatin
coils
3. Chromatin
Coils
4. Super-coiling
Chromatid
5. Chromosome
“Colored Body”
3. Chromatin
Coiling
4. Super-coiling
Super-Coiling Chain Demonstration
The DNA Code
• Every 3 bases = codon
• Codons:
– Interact with Ribosome
– Bring Amino Acid X
– __________ order
determines protein
function
Discovering The Human Genome
1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA
1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the
possibility of learning the human genome
1990 Mapping of human genome begins
1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire
genome within 3 years!
Craig Venter
Nerds in Competition
VS
NIH
Celera Genomics
Discovering The Human Genome
1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA
1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the
possibility of learning the human genome
1990 Mapping of human genome begins
1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire
genome within 3 years!
Craig Venter
2000 Teams publish joint rough draft of Human Genome
Our Genome Revealed to the World
Who’s that gorgeous lady
sitting next to Hillary?
Mr. President, that
man is an idiot!
Oh yeah, I am going to
be sooo rich.
Left to Right: Craig Venter, President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins
What have we learned already?
•
Genes are scattered through the genome
and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA”
What have we learned already?
•
Genes are scattered through the genome
and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA”
•
Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs
while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
What have we learned already?
•
Genes are concentrated in random areas
throughout the genome; these areas are
surrounded by vast regions of “Junk DNA”
•
Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs
while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
•
Up to 30,000 G-C pairs bound the edges
of coding regions, separating them from
junk DNA
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
• Cure illnesses through Gene Therapy
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
3. Insert Virus
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
6. Synthesis
2. Insert Gene
5. Insert Cells
3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
• Cure illnesses through gene therapy
• Genetically-based prescription drug reaction testing
Pharmacogenetics