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The Nervous System Video Review Neurons 1 Fun Video Intro Video Review Systems 2 The Peripheral Nervous System The P.N.S. Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Sensory neurons (for in/outside of the body) – Motor nerves – Messages between brain and body - CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MUSCLES • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Controls organs and some muscles - CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES Peripheral Nervous System The part of the neuron that actually sends the impulse is the cell’s axon; the axons carry the messages from one nerve to the next. The PNS is made up: - 12 pairs of Cranial nerves Found in the Skull - 31 pairs of Spinal nerves Found in the Spinal Cord. Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves carry: - motor (leg muscles), - sensory (touch), and -autonomic (heart, diaphragm) signals between the spinal cord and the body. Cranial Nerves Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves. They are “wired directly to the brain. Sight, Sound, Smell. Types of Nerves Sensory nerves: carry information from the sensory organs towards the C.N.S. Motor nerves: carry information from the C.N.S. to muscles and organs. Motor vs. Sensory Nerves Neuron Impulse Video Motor nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. Foot feels something in your boot. Sensor sends message to brain Sensory nerves send information from the sensory organs to the brain. Brain sends appropriate info to deal with situation. ??? Motor Nerves carry messages concerning voluntary movements from the brain to the muscles. Motor nerve: Starts: In the brain; Ends: At the muscle. It is ONEWAY to the muscle. The Sensory Nerves relay to the brain information that originates OUTSIDE the body and is registered by the five senses. Sensory nerve: Start: Sense Receptor End: Brain It is ONEWAY to the Brain. Reflex Responses The spinal cord serves as the body’s reflex centre. • Reflex: An involuntary act that results when a nerve impulse is sent out by the spinal cord in response to an unexpected stimulus. You accidentally touch the burner on your stove at home…. What happens? You automatically pull your hand away. HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN? Reflex Response 1) The touch receptors in your hand relay information to the spinal cord in the form of a nerve impulse. 2) BUT this nerve impulse doesn’t get sent to the brain. WHY? - Because it would take too long and this situation is urgent. 3) Instead, a nerve impulse is commanded from the spinal cord to the hand muscles, telling them to draw away. - Processing the information at level of the spinal cord instead of the brain allows the response to occur faster. Question: If your knee’s reflexes are slow, or erratic, what could that signify? Consequences of Damage to Nerve Cells A. The nerve does not regenerate itself. B. The transmission of impulses may diminish or stop. C. Interpretation of the impulse may be distorted, interrupted, or only partially completed. Review Questions- PNS 1) What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system and how are the different? 2) What two types of nerves exist and what are 2 differences between them? 3) What 3 types of neurons are involved in reflex responses and in what order do nerve impulses travel through them? 4) What is the difference between a voluntary movement such as walking and an involuntary movement such as a reflex response? 5) What could are consequences of nerve damage? Review Answers- PNS 1) What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system and how are they different? The somatic nervous system includes motor nerves that control voluntary (skeletal) muscles and sensory nerves. The autonomic nervous system includes motor nerves that control involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth) and sensory nerves. 2) What is a nerve? A nerve is a bundle of nerve cell axons. The other parts of nerve cells are not included in nerves. 3) What two types of nerves exist and what are 2 differences between them? 1) Sensory Nerves: - transmit sensory information from sensory organs to the CNS. - allow you to perceive light, sound, touch, smell and taste. 2) motor nerves: - transmit information from the CNS down to the muscles and organs - allow you to move 3) What 3 types of neurons are involved in reflex responses and in what order do nerve impulses travel through them? 1- Sensory neuron 2- Interneuron 3- Motor neuron 4) What is the difference between a voluntary movement such as walking and an involuntary movement such as a reflex response? - Voluntary movements get processed by the brain, whereas involuntary movements only get sent to the spinal cord and don’t reach the brain. 5) What could are consequences of nerve damage? – The nerve might regenerate or might grow back but not become functional. – The transmission of nerve impulses may diminish or stop. – Interpretation of the impulse may be distorted, interrupted, or only partially completed. All of these consequences will result in motor and sensory impairments. Review Questions - CNS 1) What are the main parts of the central nervous system? -brain, spinal cord 2) What is the brain? The brain is the main organ of the CNS. It is composed of nearly 100 billion nerve cells which are folded together in order to fit inside the cranium. 3) What are the 3 major structures of the brain? - cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem Review Questions - CNS 1) What are the main parts of the central nervous system? 2) What is the brain? 3) What are the 3 major structures of the brain? 4) What are the 4 different layers of protection of the brain? 5) What functions are controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere? 6) What functions are controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere? 7) What did the study of Phineas Gage teach us about the brain? 8) What are the different lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are their functions? 9) What is the difference between white matter and grey matter? 10) Who is Wilder Penfield and how did he contribute to our understanding of the brain? 11) What is the function of the cerebellum? 12) What parts of your body does the cerebellum communicate with? 13) What is the function of the brainstem? 14) What is the function of the spinal cord? 15) What protects the spinal cord? 16) What is a consequence of damage to the spinal cord? 17) What 3 things can you do to improve the power of you brain?