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DNA: The Genetic Material 1. DNA History, Structure, and Function 2. DNA Replication DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) A person’s cellular function and inheritance depends on DNA. Famous Experiments from the 1940’s-1960’s that indicated DNA was the Molecule of Heredity • Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed nonvirulent bacteria to virulent bacteria • Hershey & Chase—DNA from viruses is injected to host bacteria cells, cells become infected. Griffith’s Experiment Somehow the harmless strained changed and became harmless. HOW? Transformation Avery’s Experiments; The Search for the Substance Responsible for Transformation Discovered that DNA destroying enzymes stop transformation. Hershey and Chase Experiment; More Evidence For DNA First, a little about how viruses infect cells… Does the protein coat, the DNA, or both direct the production of new viruses? Bacteriophage (phage)-a virus that infects bacteria A Crocheted Bacteriophage Hershey and Chase Experiment; More Evidence For DNA Phages were used to show that DNA, not protein is the genetic material of viruses It’s Confirmed! DNA is the Mysterious Molecule of Heredity! 1950- the search to unravel it’s structure is on! Rosalind Franklin 1951 Chargaff 1950 Discovered that there were equal amounts of A & T, and C & G in DNA; hinted at base-pairing Watson & Crick Propose Model of DNA 1953 • Made of subunits called nucleotides • A nucleotide is made of three smaller units: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phospate group, and a nitrogenous base • The 4 nitrogenous bases are: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytocine (C) Guanine (G) Watson & Crick Model • DNA is composed of 2 chains of nucleotides that form a double helix shape • The two strands are antiparallel. • The backbone of the DNA molecule is composed of alternating phosphate groups and sugars • The complimentary bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands • A is complimentary to T • G is complimentary to C DNA Model Functions of DNA 1. Storage of genetic information 2. Self-duplication & inheritance. 3. Expression of the genetic message. • DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. • Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases. A protein that gives you a trait Chromosomes • • • • • Prokaryotic Circular Very small 1 chromosome per cell Some enzymes and proteins are associated with the DNA. • Not housed in a nucleus. • • • • • • • • Eukaryotic Linear Fairly long Several chromosomes per cell. Histone proteins--”spools”. Same in all eukaryotes Housed in a nucleus. Nucleosome—2 loops of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins. Unity theme. Central Dogma of Genetics • • • • DNA mRNA Proteins Traits • • • • Replication Unzip Template Floating nucleotides • Template • Sense strand • Semiconservative Replication • DNA Polymerase • Proofreading functions • 5’ to 3’ only • Replication fork • Discontinuous assembly • Okazaki fragments RNA-Ribonucleic Acid Three Kinds of RNA 1. 2. 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acids to a ribosome for protein assembly Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): part of the structure of ribosomes Three Characteristics of RNA 1. The sugar in RNA is Ribose 2. Uracil replaces Thymine U-A, A-U 3. Single stranded helix Transcription • • • • • • • RNA polymerase Messenger RNA mRNA Unzipping of DNA helix. Sense strand or template strand Codons Genetic code Translation • • • • • • • • Ribosomes rRNA Large and small subunits Codons Initiator or start codon Methionine (AUG) Stop codons tRNA • • • • • Initiation Chain Elongation Peptide bonds Chain termination Polysome