Download Genetic Engineering pp 2014

Genetic
Engineering
1. Cloning - 1st mammal cloned was
Dolly the sheep in 1996
Steps for cloning:
1. Take a diploid cell from the mammal to be cloned.
Remove and save the nucleus.
2. Take an egg cell, discard the nucleus.
3. Put the diploid nucleus into the empty egg.
4. Shock with electricity, the egg will start dividing.
5. Implant the embryo into the surrogate mother.
6. Clone is born.
2. Restriction Enzymes – enzymes that cut
between specific DNA bases,
leaving “sticky ends”
Ex: cut between A and C
Since all organisms
have the same DNA
bases,
DNA from different
species and be
combined as long as
the “sticky ends”
match.
Sticky ends are used to make:
Recombinant DNA – a piece of DNA
made from the DNA of 2 different
organisms
Transgenic Organisms- organisms that
contain recombinant DNA
3. Recombinant DNA technique (gene splicing)
Ex: create bacteria that produce human protein
Steps for recombinant DNA technique:
1. Cut human insulin gene with restriction enzymes.
2. Cut the bacterial plasmid (chromosome) with the
same restriction enzymes.
3. Combine the human insulin gene, bacterial
plasmid, and ligase (an enzyme that helps form the
hydrogen bonds)
4. Insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacteria cell.
5. Grow the bacteria, it will make insulin.
4. Gel Electrophoresis –
separates DNA fragments by size,
used to make a DNA fingerprint
Equipment needed:
Results:
Steps for Electrophoresis:
1. Cut DNA with restriction enzymes
2. Mix DNA samples with sugar so they will
sink
3. Inject the samples into the wells
4. Turn on the power and the DNA will travel
across the gel.
*the smallest fragments will travel the farthest.
Why everyone’s DNA fingerprint is unique:
Everyone has genes for the same traits,
but we all have different amounts of noncoding
DNA between those traits.
These cause the DNA fragments separated by
electrophoresis to be different sizes, creating a
unique pattern.