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Figure 5: NFL Logo (Source:
http://www.sportslogos.net/teams/list_by_lea
gue/7)
It’s just a concussion right?
A report exposing the future consequences of repetitively sustained head injuries in sports
By: Akhil Ramaswamy
What is a TBI?
More info on CTE:
• Traumatic Brain Injuries are basically concussions and can
range in severity
Controversies:
Mike Webster (Patient zero):
•
• Former Center for the Pittsburgh Steelers
• Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
issued by many
•
• First football player to be diagnosed with CTE
• Concussions can cause two different types of damage to the
brain
•
A neurodegenerative disorder that can lead to death caused
by TBI’s
• Occur when a biomechanical force is applied to the head
•
Known as “Punch-Drunk Syndrome” in boxing
• Structural (skeletal) Damage
•
Very common in athletes
• Had trouble sleeping as a result of injuries sustained to the brain in
his playing career
•
Pathology synonymous with that of ALS and Alzheimer's
• Body and brain was in a deteriorated state
•
Diagnosed after death
• Suffered from severe memory loss
• Affects physical brain regions
• Functional damage
•
• Caused by hook like and rotational forces
Accumulation of Tau protein in brain
Could not remember family members
Several other factors effect CTE development
• Demographics (Age, gender)
• Suffered from serious Dementia and loss of cognitive function
throughout his life
•
Correlation does not prove causation statement
• A Protein E gene mutatoin present in all cases
What’s being done!:
• New Concussion protocol by the NFL
• Concussion education and awareness training
• Causes axonal damage thus disrupting communication of
neurons within the brain
• Better helmets that provide impact force protection
• The axon is the part of the neuron that is responsible
for relaying signals across the brain, after a direct hit
on the head the axons may swell causing functional
damage to the brain
• New sensor technology that players can wear that
monitors and quantifies impact force data when a
collision occurs (Triax sensor)
• Can cause neural cell death
• Most cases of structural and functional damages arise from
lower CBF to the brain (Cerebral Blood Flow) and increase
in glucose usage causes a energy crises that puts a lot of
stress on the brain
• Can lead to a variety of disorders and problems
Figure 4: Mike Webster (Source:
http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/21/sports/la-sp-sn-mikewebster-nfl-concussions-lawsuit-20140321)
Figure 6: Triax Sensor (Source:
http://urbanwearables.technology/triax-smartimpact-monitor-for-team-sports-and-individuals/
Work Cited:
Figure 2: Neuropathology of CTE (Source:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104474311500041X )
Where’s the proof?:
Figure 1: Graphic of neuron of cell (Source:
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Neuron)
• TBI has negative consequences in all sports from
football and boxing to soccer
What does it cause?:
• Majority of brain autopsies of athletes with repetitive
forms of brain trauma show damage to specific brain
regions
• Dementia
• Steady decline of motor and cognition functions
• CTE
• Secondary impact syndrome
• occurs when a player has not recovered from a
• Dementia and memory loss are common symptoms in
all case studies
Figure 3.2: Tau Protein stained images (Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/)
• Majority of the athletes who have dementia also have
CTE
concussion and gets hurt again where he/she
might go into a coma
• Juvenile Head Trauma Syndrome:
• TBI in children and youth athletes
• Subdural Hematoma
• Most common case of TBI related death
• Usually found in boxers
Figure 3.2: Frontal Cortex of damaged vs normal (Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/)
Figure 3.2: Damaged Hippocampus of athletes(Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/)
•Webster, P., Omalu, B., M.D., Otto, J., & Young, S. (2014,
September 29). Mike Websters Legacy [Interview]. Retrieved
February 27, 2017, from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oral-history/leagueof-denial/mike-webster-s-legacy/
•
•Ling, H., Morris, H. R., Neal, J. W., Lees, A. J., Hardy, J., Holton,
J. L., . . . Williams, D. D. (2017). Mixed pathologies including
chronic traumatic encephalopathy account for dementia in
retired association football (soccer) players. Acta
Neuropathologica,133(3), 337-352. doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1680-3
•
•Garber, G. (2005, January 24). A tormented soul. Retrieved
February 18, 2017, from
http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=1972285
•
•Ling, H., Hardy, J., & Zetterberg, H. (2015). Neurological
consequences of traumatic brain injuries in sports. Molecular
and Cellular Neuroscience, 66, 114-122.
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.012
•
•Mckee, A. C., MD, Cantu, R. C., MD, Nowinski, C. J., AB, HedleyWhyte, E., MD, Gavett, B. E., PHD, Budson, A. E., MD, . . . Stern, R.
A., PHD. (2009). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes:
Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury . Journal of
neuropathology and experimental neurology,68(7), 709-735.
doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503
•
•Giza, C. C., MD, & Hovda, D. A., PhD. (2014). The New
Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion. Neurosurgery,75(4), 2433. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000505
•
•Castillo, %. (2014, March 20). Basketball and the brain:
Concussions aren't just a risk in football. CBS News. Retrieved
February 27, 2017, from
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/basketball-concussions-a-riskin-contact-sports-not-just-football/