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Download Box 9.1 The Basics of Sound (Part 1)
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Transcript
Evolution of the Vestibular and Auditory End Organs External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 3) P. 259 third paragraph “The oval window is adjacent to the base of the spiral, where the canals and membranes narrow; …” External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 4) External and Internal Structures of the Human Ear (Part 5) How Stereocilia Sense Auditory Stimulation Auditory Nerve Fibers and Synapses in the Organ of Corti Dancing Outer Hair Cell - Video Basilar Membrane Movement for Sounds of Different Frequencies Basilar Membrane is five times wider at the apex Auditory neurons have tonotopic organization. Can hear sounds in a range from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter12.html Examples of Tuning Curves of Auditory Neurons Auditory Pathways of the Human Brain Tonotopic Mapping in the Cat Inferior Colliculus Tonotopic Organization of Auditory Cortical Regions in Three Species of Mammals Long-Term Retention of a Trained Shift in Tuning of an Auditory Receptive Field Auditory-Object Perception • Auditory object is the fundamental perceptual unit in hearing • Similar to visual objects although made up of spectrotemporal regularities • Auditory scene contains numerous acoustic stimuli • Activity in auditory circuits represents auditory objects • Neural responses become correlated with a listener's perceptual reports at the level of the cortex Figure 9.18 Structures of the Vestibular System Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the Brainstem • Nerve fibers from vestibular receptors synapse in • the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem • some fibers go directly to the cerebellum. • The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) allows you to gaze at a fixed point while the head moves. The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
