Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... The fact that tinnitus is consciously perceived as a sound suggests that central auditory neural networks activity must be involved (Eichhammer, 2007; Shulman et al., 2006; Eggermont & Roberts, 2004; Eggermont, 2003; Lockwood et al., 2002; Reyes, 2002; Jastreboff, 1990). Abnormal increase in functio ...
... The fact that tinnitus is consciously perceived as a sound suggests that central auditory neural networks activity must be involved (Eichhammer, 2007; Shulman et al., 2006; Eggermont & Roberts, 2004; Eggermont, 2003; Lockwood et al., 2002; Reyes, 2002; Jastreboff, 1990). Abnormal increase in functio ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
... the final note were not influenced by whether participants heard all the notes leading up to the final note or imaged some of the notes, but judgments of the timing of the final note were severely impaired when participants imaged some of the notes leading up to the final note. Janata and Paroo sugg ...
... the final note were not influenced by whether participants heard all the notes leading up to the final note or imaged some of the notes, but judgments of the timing of the final note were severely impaired when participants imaged some of the notes leading up to the final note. Janata and Paroo sugg ...
- Wiley Online Library
... section of medulla oblongata (bregma −11.6 mm; adult Sprague–Dawley rat; scale bar: 100 µm). The C1 (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, single-cell RT-PCR data showing presence of Phox2b and VGlut2 transcripts in enhanced green fluorescent prote ...
... section of medulla oblongata (bregma −11.6 mm; adult Sprague–Dawley rat; scale bar: 100 µm). The C1 (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, single-cell RT-PCR data showing presence of Phox2b and VGlut2 transcripts in enhanced green fluorescent prote ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors in the lateral hypothalamic area. They were initially recognized as regulators of feeding behavior, but they are mainly regarded as key modulators of the sleep/wakefulness cycle. Orexins activate orexin neurons, monoaminergic and choli ...
... as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors in the lateral hypothalamic area. They were initially recognized as regulators of feeding behavior, but they are mainly regarded as key modulators of the sleep/wakefulness cycle. Orexins activate orexin neurons, monoaminergic and choli ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... (99), and analgesia (17). Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also result ...
... (99), and analgesia (17). Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also result ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... volume of LGN and the lateral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Restrepo et al. 2002). In contrast to the effects of loss of sensory input, sensory experience can increase the volume of related brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imagin ...
... volume of LGN and the lateral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Restrepo et al. 2002). In contrast to the effects of loss of sensory input, sensory experience can increase the volume of related brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imagin ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... The preoptic area (POA) of the anterior hypothalamus and the adjacent basal forebrain (BFB) play an important role in the regulation of homeostatic and cognitive processes, including blood pressure, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, attention, learning, and cortical activity (Boulant and Dean, 1986 ...
... The preoptic area (POA) of the anterior hypothalamus and the adjacent basal forebrain (BFB) play an important role in the regulation of homeostatic and cognitive processes, including blood pressure, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, attention, learning, and cortical activity (Boulant and Dean, 1986 ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... subcerebral projection neurons in this layer (Arlotta et al., 2005) (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high le ...
... subcerebral projection neurons in this layer (Arlotta et al., 2005) (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high le ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... probe was inserted through a hole drilled in the wall of the bony external meatus, opposite the tympanum. The gap around the hole was sealed before calibrations were performed. With this method of calibration, it was not possible to maintain a constant intensity while testing a neuron at different f ...
... probe was inserted through a hole drilled in the wall of the bony external meatus, opposite the tympanum. The gap around the hole was sealed before calibrations were performed. With this method of calibration, it was not possible to maintain a constant intensity while testing a neuron at different f ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... (Saper et al., 2005), it is likely that some topographic organization defines functional domains within the PPN. It has been proposed that two different regions in the PPN can be distinguished on the basis of the arrangement and density of cholinergic neurons, although the boundary between these two ...
... (Saper et al., 2005), it is likely that some topographic organization defines functional domains within the PPN. It has been proposed that two different regions in the PPN can be distinguished on the basis of the arrangement and density of cholinergic neurons, although the boundary between these two ...
Auditory Pathways and Processes
... auditory cortex and the cerebellum. The afferent pathways are still not completely understood. As a result of intensive research in both humans and animals in the last 20 years, the pathways and their functions are more completely mapped. The complexity of the transformation of auditory signals into ...
... auditory cortex and the cerebellum. The afferent pathways are still not completely understood. As a result of intensive research in both humans and animals in the last 20 years, the pathways and their functions are more completely mapped. The complexity of the transformation of auditory signals into ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major fi ...
... 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major fi ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the freque ...
... inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the freque ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... (b) Excitatory inputs can generate a local, regenerative NMDA plateau potential in the dendrite. As number of activated synapses increased, there is a sharp nonlinear increase in the evoked dendritic membrane depolarization (VD). (c) Disinhibition of the targeted branch opens the gate for the excita ...
... (b) Excitatory inputs can generate a local, regenerative NMDA plateau potential in the dendrite. As number of activated synapses increased, there is a sharp nonlinear increase in the evoked dendritic membrane depolarization (VD). (c) Disinhibition of the targeted branch opens the gate for the excita ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... molecular, cellular, and behavioral work has come together to demonstrate a novel behavioral role for a molecularly defined cell type in the GPe, arkypallidal GPe neurons (Arky-GPe). Next, we will discuss the use of a recently established, genetic strategy to identify two additional classes of GPe n ...
... molecular, cellular, and behavioral work has come together to demonstrate a novel behavioral role for a molecularly defined cell type in the GPe, arkypallidal GPe neurons (Arky-GPe). Next, we will discuss the use of a recently established, genetic strategy to identify two additional classes of GPe n ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... a robust monosynaptic reflex in WT mice. In contrast, the reflex was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 ...
... a robust monosynaptic reflex in WT mice. In contrast, the reflex was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... systems, we further hypothesized that the tonotopic, but not the nontonotopic, pathway supports discriminative fear to auditory cues. In the lemniscal pathway, sharply tuned neurons in primary auditory cortex receive their main input from the ventral division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGv), ...
... systems, we further hypothesized that the tonotopic, but not the nontonotopic, pathway supports discriminative fear to auditory cues. In the lemniscal pathway, sharply tuned neurons in primary auditory cortex receive their main input from the ventral division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGv), ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... et al. 1997; Bodor et al. 2008). These inhibitory afferents principally enter the VM and inhibitory input-dominant zone (IZ) of the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives ...
... et al. 1997; Bodor et al. 2008). These inhibitory afferents principally enter the VM and inhibitory input-dominant zone (IZ) of the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... 1997. The fastigial nucleus (FN) receives vestibular information predominantly from Purkinje cells of the vermis. FN in the monkey can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, sing ...
... 1997. The fastigial nucleus (FN) receives vestibular information predominantly from Purkinje cells of the vermis. FN in the monkey can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, sing ...
Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, (relatively complex) songs are distinguished by function from (relatively simple) calls.