Download Review over DNA, RNA, proteins, viruses, bacteria, DNA technology

AP BIO BIG IDEA
REVIEW-DNA
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit,
and respond to information essential to life
processes.
By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/section_22/a7fb0b8d8bd87a23d5e3d86f5452a2dc.jpg
5’
Label the 3’ and 5’ ends
of this strand of DNA
3’
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule
with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Which parts of a nucleotide
molecule make up the rungs of the
ladder” in a DNA molecule?
Image from: http://scitechdaily.com/images/Four-stranded-quadruple-helix-DNA-structurein-human-cells.jpg
Nitrogen bases
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule
with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
mRNA
IDENTIFY the CODING and TEMPLATE strands in
the above diagram.
TEMPLATE strand = RED
strand from which the RNA is actually transcribed.
CODING (SENSE) strand = BLACK
strand whose base sequence specifies the amino acid sequence.
(IT MATCHES THE mRNA MESSAGE EXCEPT IT HAS
T’s instead of U’s)
3.A.1.c.1 The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in
the polypeptide.
Which type of bonds are found where?
Image from: http://www.astrochem.org/sci_img/dna.jpg
HYDROGEN BONDS
COVALENT BONDS
Bonds between nitrogen bases
that hold the 2 DNA strands
together.
Hydrogen bonds
Bonds between sugars and
phosphate groups in the
DNA backbone.
Covalent
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear
molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Group of three nucleotide bases on a
t-RNA molecule that are
complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
Name the 3 processes that make up
translation
Initiation, elongation, termination
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and
termination. The salient features include:
iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA
Name the pieces of pre-mRNA that are
NOT edited out and are expressed
Image by Riedell
EXONS
Where does this editing happen?
In nucleus in eukaryotes
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
.2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Excision of introns
HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA in prokaryotes includes:
Uptake of naked DNA
transformation
from viruses or bacteria _________________________
Transfer of DNA from one bacterium
transduction
to another during viral infection ___________________
conjugation
Cell-to-cell transfer via sex pili _____________________
sometimes called “bacterial sex”
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of
genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase
variation. [See also 1.B.3]
How many nucleotides make up an
m-RNA codon?
3
Image from: http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/7447898/EssGen1-5_Codons-to-AA-V2.jpg
Each codon in an m-RNA represents
_____
amino acid(s).
1
3.A.1.c. 4
ii. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons.
iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.
https://o.quizlet.com/W.Lm3klKdYPBYHXwkN7HwA_m.jpg
EXPLAIN THE ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING
DURING TRANSLATION
A site:
receives incoming tRNA
with the correct amino
acid
P site:
holds the growing
polypeptide chain
E site:
tRNA’s exit here
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and
many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:
iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA
v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.
Mutations involving only one base pair are
point
called ________
mutations
Explain why a frameshift mutation at the
beginning of a gene is more harmful than at
the end.
Frameshifts cause everything after the
mutation to shift and be misread so
mutations at the beginning change
more of the code.
3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
Image from: http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5129
The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial
cells that can form sex pili is called
____________________
conjugation
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of
genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation.
[See also 1.B.3]
Where does translation happen in
prokaryotic cells?
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Where does translation happen in eukaryotic
cells?
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
Animation from; http://www2.samford.edu/~djohnso2/_graphics/AnDNARepl.gif
Enzyme that adds complementary
deoxyribonucleotides to the 3’ end of an
existing chain during replication
DNA polymerase III
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
Enzyme that adds complementary
ribonucleotides to a template strand
of DNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the
course for the purposes of the AP Exam.
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/9/97/Trisomy21female.jpg
Identify the
genetic
disorder
shown in this
karyotype
Down syndrome/Trisomy 21
(3 #21 chromosomes)
3.C.1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner
syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3] ]
Animation from; http://www2.samford.edu/~djohnso2/_graphics/AnDNARepl.gif
Enzyme that removes the RNA
primers and replaces them with
DNA nucleotides during replication
DNA polymerase I
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the
course for the purposes of the AP Exam.
Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG
The DNA strand that is synthesized
continuously is called the
__________
leading strand
3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and
differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.
LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for
transmission between generations. [See SP 1]
Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG
The DNA strand that is synthesized in
short fragments is called the
__________
lagging strand
3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]
Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG
Name the small segments the RED
arrows are pointing to in the diagram
below.
Okazaki fragments
?
3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]
Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG
EXPLAIN the purpose of the red dots
in the diagram below
DNA polymerase can’t
start a new DNA chain.
So primase adds a short
segment of RNA
nucleotides (primers) to
start the chain and give
DNA polymerase
something to add onto.
3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]
Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG
EXPLAIN what happens to the
primers (red dots) in the diagram
below
Primers are removed by
DNA polymerase I and
replaced with DNA
nucleotides.
3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and
differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.
LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for
transmission between generations. [See SP 1]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/45,X.jpg
Identify the
genetic
disorder
shown in this
karyotype
Turner syndrome/XO
(females with only one X chromosome)
3.C.1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21
(Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3] ]
Describe some processes involved in sexual
reproduction in eukaryotes that result in
genetic recombination.
DURING MEIOSIS:
CROSSING OVER- exchange of genetic material between
non-homologous chromosomes during prophase I
SEGREGATION-separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes
during anaphase I
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT- mixing up of maternal and paternal
chromosomes in different combinations during anaphase I
RANDOM FERTILIZATION-any possible sperm can combine with any
possible egg
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
c. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involving gamete formation, including crossing-over during meiosis
and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and fertilization serve to increase variation.
Reproduction processes that increase genetic variation are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by
various organisms. [See also 1.B.1, 3.A.2, 4.C.2, 4. C3]
✘✘ The details of sexual reproduction cycles in various plants and animals are beyond the scope of the
course and the AP Exam. However, the similarities of the processes that provide for genetic variation are
relevant and should be the focus of instruction.
Image from: http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch05/05_26Nucleotide.gif
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule
with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Using repressor proteins to “turn off” the
transcription of genes is an example of
__________________
control.
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
Image from: http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids
Small self-replicating extra-chromosomal
circular DNA molecules that often carry
genes for antibiotic resistance or
conjugation are
called
PLASMIDS
___________.
?
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.
Image from: http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids
Plasmids can be found in which kinds of
organisms?
Frequent in prokaryotes
Rarer in eukaryotes (Ex: yeast)
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.
Purines are nitrogen bases like adenine
TWO ring(s)
and guanine with _____
Subunit composed of a sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear
molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
The pieces of pre-mRNA that are
INTRONS
edited out are called __________
Image by Riedell
Where does this editing happen?
In nucleus in eukaryotes
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
.2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Excision of introns
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
NUCLEUS
A= _________
m-RNA
B= _________
amino acid
ribosome
C= _________
t-RNA
D= ___________
codon
F= _____________
acid
G = Amino
__________________
LO 3.4 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic information is
translated into polypeptides. [See SP 1.2]
Describe the processing of pre-mRNA’s
before they leave the eukaryotic
nucleus
Spliceosomes remove introns & splice together exons
Addition of 5’ GTP cap
Addition of 3’ poly-A tail
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
.2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Addition of a poly-A tail
• Addition of GTP cap
• Excision of introns
Image from: http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch19/19_08AltRNASlicing.jpg
Explain the advantage to eukaryotes
using alternative splicing
Allows the same DNA to be used to make a
variety of different messages and therefore
proteins.
3A.a.c..2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Excision of introns
http://www.yellowtang.org/images/structure_of_nucleo_c_la_784.jpg
Macromolecule made by joining
nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Name the 3 components that make up
a nucleotide
5 carbon sugar,
nitrogenous base,
phosphate
3.A.1.b.1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a
linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Name the molecule(s) that carry the
genetic code found in all living things.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA or RNA
Which of these is found in retroviruses
RNA
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Genetic information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules and, in some cases, RNA molecules.
Image from http://www.nslc.wustl.edu/courses/bio2960/labs/07DNA/Gel/f22.gif
http://www.discoveryandinnovation.com/BIOL202/notes/images/DNA_doublestrand.jpg
EXPLAIN why DNA fragments
will move toward the positive
pole during gel electrophoresis.
Phosphate groups in the DNA
backbone have a negative
charge which causes it to be
attracted to the positive pole.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
Image http://dna-fingerprinting.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig.jpg
EXPLAIN the relationship
between fragment size and
distance moved on a gel during
RLFP analysis.
The smaller the fragment,
the farther it moves on the
gel.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
Image http://dna-fingerprinting.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig.jpg
EXPLAIN some uses for
RFLP analysis.
Crime scene analysis
Paternity testing
Determining evolutionary relationships between organisms
Diagnosis of genetic disorders
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
•Image http://click4biology.info/c4b/4/gene4.4.htm#five
Who’s the daddy?
EXPLAIN your reasoning.
Child inherits half of DNA from
mother; and half from father.
If a band appears in the child’s
lane, it must also be found in
EITHER the mother’s or father’s
lane.
Child has red circled bands not
found in mom’s lane. These must
come from dad. . . . male 2 doesn’t
have these. Male 1 does.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
Image from: http://chemistry.umeche.maine.edu/CHY431/Nucleic/tRNA5.jpg
Identify this type of RNA.
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
What is its function during
translation?
Match its ANTICODON to the
codon on the mRNA and drop off
the amino acid it is carrying
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. .
Image from: https://http://www.facultystore.co.uk/catalog/images/plattaq.jpg
Explain why Taq polymerase
is used to amplify DNA with
PCR
It was isolated from thermophilic archaebacteria
so it can withstand the high temps of the PCR process
without denaturing.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Type of bond between
sugars and phosphates that
hold the back bone
together.
hydrogen
ionic
covalent
covalent
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear
molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular the sugar phosphate backbone.
Name the woman scientist whose X-ray
images of DNA helped James Watson
and Francis Crick figure out the structure
of DNA
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Wilkins and Franklin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Tell 3 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
A,T,C,G
No Uracil
Contains genetic code
Stays in nucleus
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A,U,C,G
No thymine
Carries code from
nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps with protein
synthesis
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. The basic structural differences include:
i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose)
ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA
iii. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded.
Name the two scientists who received the
Nobel prize for figuring out the structure
of DNA
JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Watson and Crick
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Name 3 kinds of RNA involved in translation
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
MESSENGER
_________________RNA
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function.
i. mRNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome.
ii. tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence .
iii. rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes.
Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia
experiment but used enzymes to
destroy different kinds of
molecules in heat killed bacteria
before injecting them into the mice.
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/A/Z/_/ccaaaz~.jpg
Which molecule was necessary for transformation to
occur?
DNA
What was the significance of this experiment?
Showed that DNA was the genetic code molecule
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments.
These include: ii. Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiments
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make DNA what
sugar would be used?
ribose
Which nitrogen base
could NOT be used? THYMINE
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear
molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
2. The basic structural differences include:
i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose).
ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.
Which of the following is true:
In a DNA molecule
A. purines always bind with purines
B. pyrimidines always bind with pyrimidines
C. purines always bind with pyrimidines
C.
3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine
pairs with guanine (C-G)
Image from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/transcription/startrans.gif
RNA polymerase only works in one
direction so the DNA molecule is
3’ to 5’
always READ in the _________
direction.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in
the polypeptide.
NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME
Adds nucleotide subunits continuously to
leading strand
DNA POLYMERASE III
______________________
Removes RNA primers and replaces them
with DNA nucleotides
__________________
DNA POLYMERASE I
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make DNA what
sugar would be used?
deoxyribose
Which nitrogen base
could NOT be used? URACIL
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear
molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
2. The basic structural differences include:
i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose).
ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.
http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/123/dna-base-pairing-structure.jpeg
The two DNA strands are
said to be
ANTIPARALLEL
_________________
because their 3’ and 5’
ends run in opposite
directions.
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. The basic structural differences include: iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
Name the two scientists whose
bacteriophage-blender experiment helped
to show that DNA was the
molecule that carried the
genetic code
ALFRED HERSHEY &
MARTHA CHASE
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Hershey and Chase showed
that DNA was the genetic
code molecule by labeling
DNA
phage ______with
radioactive
32P and _______
protein with
radioactive 35S and following
where these molecules ended
up when phages infected
bacteria.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY.gif
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Essential knowledge 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation in the hosts.
b.1 . Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3.]
Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are
Pyrimidines
called ______________
C
T
3.A.1.b. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine
pairs with guanine (C-G)
ii. Pyrimidines (C, T and U) have a single ring structure.
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.©
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
What was the significance of
Hershey and Chase’s blender
experiment with radioactively
labeled bacteriophages?
Watch a video about it
if you don’t know
Showed that DNA not
proteins was the genetic code
molecule
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments.
These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Which molecules make up the
backbone (sides of ladder)
in a DNA molecule?
Sugar (deoxyribose)
and phosphates
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with
3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
How is translation different in
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Translation and transcription are coupled
Eukaryotes
Translation and transcription happen in
different places
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.
Describe the central dogma of biology which explains
how information is passed in cells.
DNA→ RNA→ proteins → trait
How do retroviruses display an alternate flow of
information?
RNA→ DNA
What enzyme allows retroviruses to do this?
reverse transcriptase
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
6. Genetic information in retroviruses is a special case and has an alternate flow of information: from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that
copies the viral RNA genome into DNA. This DNA integrates into the host genome and becomes transcribed and translated for the assembly of new viral progeny. [See also
3.C.3]
Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are
Purines
called ______________
A
G
3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine
pairs with guanine (C-G)
i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. ©
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
CHARGAFF’S RULES say that ?
A = T G = C
3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine
pairs with guanine (C-G)
i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.
Tell what nitrogen base these
letters stand for
_____________=
ADENINE A
_____________
GUANINE = G
_____________
CYTOSINE = C
______________
THYMINE = T
URACIL = U
______________
3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine
pairs with guanine (C-G)
How is the production of mRNA’s
different in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
translation immediate
coupled to transcription
mRNA must pass out
of nucleus before
translation
In cytoplasm/no nucleus
No mRNA processing
in nucleus
pre-mRNA is processed
-introns removed
-poly-A tail/GTP cap
3.A.1.c.
2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including
initiation, elongation and termination.
Viral DNA that is incorporated into the
bacterial host DNA during the lysogenic
cycle is called a ____________
prophage
Name the enzyme used to join DNA
fragments to make a recombinant
plasmid
ligase
Scientists use PCR for what purpose?
Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA
In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with
Niemann Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make
multiple copies of the DNA what needs to be part of the
reaction mix that is added to the DNA.
DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase
Watch a video about PCR
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so restriction
enzyme does not recognize that spot as a cut site.
Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spot
so produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced
through scientific practices
MAKE A PREDICTION about what the gel pattern
from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell
allele might look like.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on
scientific theories and models.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Heterozygotes have one sickle cell allele and
one wild type (normal) allele… so they have the band
seen in the sickle cell lane AND the bands seen in
the wild type lane.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on
scientific theories and models.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation1352235811443.png
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA
shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is
incorporation into a bacterium is called
TRANSFORMATION
________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments
within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
Hershey and Chase showed
that DNA was the genetic
code molecule by labeling
DNA
phage ______with
radioactive
32P and _______
protein with
radioactive 35S and following
where these molecules ended
up when phages infected
bacteria.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY.gif
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These
include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Essential knowledge 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic
variation in the hosts.
b.1 . Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3.]
Image from: http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5129
The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial
cells that can form sex pili is called
____________________
conjugation
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement
of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Animation from: http://www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/flipbooks_gif/2013/02/19/428691.gif
Name this
type of viral
life cycle.
Lytic
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of
genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase
variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Fill in the complementary DNA strand
using the template below
A
T
C
G
G
A
C
T
A
G
T
A
G
C
C
T G
A
T
C
3.A.1.a.5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.
Use the DNA strand to make an
mRNA message
A
T
C
T
G
A
C
T
A
G
U
A
G
A
C
U G
A
U
C
3.A.1.B.4.c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids
in the polypeptide.
A virus that infects
bacteria is called a
_______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3]
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm
Viruses contain which nucleic acid
as their genetic code molecule?
Viruses can carry RNA or DNA
3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3]
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm
What was the significance of Meselson and
Stahl’s heavy/light nitrogen experiment?
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
Provided evidence for semi-conservative
model for DNA replication
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.
Images from: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/106/unit01/6.dnareplicationmodels.html
How is the DNA in
PROKARYOTES different
from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
Single chromosome
Many chromosomes
Circular (loop)
Rod-shaped bundles
In cytoplasm
In nucleus
(no nucleus)
Histones attached
No histones
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Noneukaryotic organisms have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic organisms have multiple linear chromosomes, although in biology there are exceptions to this
rule
Image: © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.
COMPARE
EXAMPLE you
learned about
REPRESSIBLE
OPERONS
trp
INDUCIBLE
OPERONS
lac
Make enzymes used in
catabolic/anabolic
pathways?
ANABOLIC
CATABOLIC
Repressor produced
in an active or
inactive form?
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
PRESENCE OF
TRYPTOPHAN
NO LACTOSE
AVAILABLE
NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE
What conditions are
necessary for the
repressor protein to
become ACTIVE?
THIS OPERON IS AN
EXAMPLE OF POSTIVE
OR NEGATIVE
CONTROL?
Essential knowledge 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.
a. Negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes,
returning the changing condition back to its target set point.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Operons in gene regulation
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging
strands.
New strand
Original
strand
DNA
polymerase
Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth
Replication
fork
Replication
fork
New strand
Original
strand
Nitrogenous
bases
The sites where strand separation and
replication forks
replication occur are called _____________
Identify the 3 models of DNA replication
shown in the diagram below
semi-conservative
conservative
dispersive
Which of these did Meselson and Stahl’s
experiment provide evidence for?
semi-conservative
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.
4
Tell an amino acid with
FOUR codons
Serine, glycine, alanine,
proline,arginine, threonine
Valine
Tell a STOP codon
UGA, UAG, UAA
Which codon is always 1st in a message? AUG
This puts which amino acid in the first
position in every polypeptide chain? methionine
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and
termination. The salient features include:
iii. Many amino acids have more than one codon.
Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine
the amino acid being coded for:
proline
C C A =___________
arginine
C G U = __________
phenylalanine
U U C = __________
alanine
G C A = __________
STOP
U A G = __________
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and
termination. The salient features include:
iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.
https://www.facebook.com/NotAnExactScienceShow/photos/ms.c.eJwzNDA0NTYzMTC2NDQ3MjW2NNAzRIiYmaOLWJgaoIlYmoLUAAD~;hw4~;.bps.a.10152750589635390.1073741842.137553580389/1015364039
1725390/?type=3&theater
Image from: http://blog.carolinampulido.es/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/McClintock2.jpg
Barbara McClintock discovered segments
of DNA that can move between
TRANSPOSONS
chromosomes called ________________
or “jumping genes” which result in new
genetic recombinations.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of
naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and
transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See
also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Mutation #1 and #2 above are both frame shift mutations.
Explain which of these would be the most damaging?
A frame shift mutation changes all the codons
that follow the insertion in the mRNA transcribed from
this DNA. So an insertion at the beginning
of a gene disrupts more of the codons in the message
than one at the end.
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
LO 3.6 The student can predict how a change in a specific DNA or RNA sequence can result in changes in gene expression
SP1.The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems.
NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME
Adds RNA primer to start copying a DNA
segment ______________________
PRIMASE
LIGASE
Joins Okazaki fragments_________________
HELICASE
Unwinds the DNA strand ____________
Releases the strain caused by the
uncoiling strand TOPOISOMERASE
_________________
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information.
ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~
The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for
the purposes of the AP Exam.
Image from: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/molecular_bio/problem_sets/mol_genetics_of_eukaryotes/graphics/01t.gif
What modification is added to the 3’ end of
an edited m-RNA which may promote export
from nucleus and protect it from
degradation
Poly-A tail
2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Addition of a poly-A tail
Bond that holds amino acid subunits
together make a polypeptide
peptide bond
4.A.a.b.2 Proteins have an amino (NH3) end and a carboxyl COOH) end, and consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by the formation of peptide bonds by
dehydration synthesis between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers.
Substances that can cause mutations are
MUTAGENS
called _____________
Give some examples of mutagens
Cigarette smoke/chew
UV light
X rays
viruses
Chemicals/pollution
There are lots more!
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:
1.b Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in the
DNA.
_______________
MUTATIONS
are changes in the
genetic material.
Tell some ways that mutations can happen in
DNA.
Errors in replication that aren’t repaired
External factors can damage DNA
UV light- T-T dimers
X rays
viruses- HPV
Mutagens/Carcinogens- Chemicals/pollution
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype.
[See also 3.A.1]
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:
1.b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random
changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
deletion
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype.
[See also 3.A.1]
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Segment flips and reattaches backwards
INVERSION
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
A T T C G A G C T
→
A T T C T A G C T
SUBSTITUTION
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
INSERTION/duplication
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype.
[See also 3.A.1]
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown
Segment breaks off and joins a different
non-homologous chromosome
TRANSLOCATION
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
Mutation that causes a rearrangement
in the reading frame and the code to
be misread.
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved
FRAMESHIFT
MUTATION
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
Image from: http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5129
The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial
cells that can form sex pili is called
____________________
conjugation
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement
of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Animation from: http://www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/flipbooks_gif/2013/02/19/428691.gif
Name this
type of viral
life cycle.
Lytic
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of
genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase
variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Mutation #1 is an example of which
type of mutation you learned about?
Substitution
Mutation #2 is an example of which
type of mutation you learned about?
Insertion
Both of these mutations put an Adenine (A) where it
doesn’t belong in the code. How do EACH of these
change the message produced?
Substitution changes just one codon in message;
Insertion is a frame shift that changes all the codons
that follow the insertion
Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype
a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]
LO 3.6 The student can predict how a change in a specific DNA or RNA sequence can result in changes in gene expression
How is the production of mRNA’s
different in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
translation immediate
coupled to transcription
mRNA must pass out
of nucleus before
translation
In cytoplasm/no nucleus
No mRNA processing
in nucleus
pre-mRNA is processed
-introns removed
-poly-A tail/GTP cap
3.A.1.c.
2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications.
3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including
initiation, elongation and termination.
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the lac operon
.
Watch a video
if you need help
Which of the following shows the lac repressor when it is
ACTIVE?
If NO lactose is present there is no need to make lactose digesting enzymes. So the operon is
“turned off” ~ repressor is in active form when LACTOSE IS NOT PRESENT.
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the trp operon
.
Watch a video
if you need help
Which of the following shows the trp repressor when it is
ACTIVE?
If tryptophan IS available there is no need to make the enzymes
for tryptophan production So the operon is “turned off” ~
repressor is in active form when TRYPTOPHAN IS PRESENT.
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the lac operon
.
The lac operon is INDUCIBLE. Explain what that means.
OPERON IS USUALLY OFF BUT CAN BE TURNED ON.
Repressor is produced in active form.
Watch a video
if you need help
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the trp operon
.
The trp operon is REPRESSIBLE Explain what that means.
OPERON IS USUALLY ON AND CAN BE TURNED OFF.
Repressor is produced in inactive form.
Watch a video
if you need help
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the trp operon
.
What is the function of the regulatory gene located upstream
from the trp operator and promoter?
Code for the repressor protein that turns this operon
ON or OFF
3.B.1.a.2. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA.
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
http://love-life-science.blogspot.com/2014/09/bacterial-gifts.html?spref=pi
You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the
lac operon.
Where does the repressor sit when the operon is
“TURNED OFF”?
OPERATOR SITE
3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
Image from: http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/health/biology/buckley/bi_571/control_prok_genes/img057.gif
Using regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and
stimulate transcription or “turn on” genes is an
POSITIVE
example of __________________
control.
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function
You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the
lac operon.
Where does RNA Polymerase set down to start
transcription when the operon is “TURNED ON”?
PROMOTER site
RNA
Polymerase
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the trp operon
.
EXPLAIN how the presence of tryptophan affects the
trp operon.
Tryptophan is a necessary amino acid. Most of the time the
trp operon is “turned on” to make enzymes for tryptophan
production. If TRYPTOPHAN IS AVAILABLE there is no
need to make these enzymes. So presence of tryptophan
activates repressor and THE OPERON IS “TURNED OFF”
Watch a video
if you need help
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene
expression in the lac operon
.
EXPLAIN how the presence of LACTOSE affects the
lac operon
Cells don’t need lactose digesting enzymes if there is no
lactose available so the lac repressor is made in the active
form and the operon is usually “turned off”. If LACTOSE IS
PRESENT, the repressor protein is made inactive and the
OPERON IS “TURNED ON”.
Watch a video
if you need help
LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]
SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation1352235811443.png
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA
shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is
incorporation into a bacterium is called
TRANSFORMATION
________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments
within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
Hershey and Chase showed
that DNA was the genetic
code molecule by labeling
DNA
phage ______with
radioactive
32P and _______
protein with
radioactive 35S and following
where these molecules ended
up when phages infected
bacteria.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY.gif
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These
include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.
Essential knowledge 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic
variation in the hosts.
b.1 . Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3.]
Image from: http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5129
The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial
cells that can form sex pili is called
____________________
conjugation
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement
of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
Animation from: http://www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/flipbooks_gif/2013/02/19/428691.gif
Name this
type of viral
life cycle.
Lytic
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of
genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase
variation. [See also 1.B.3]
✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
http://bio3400.nicerweb.net/bio1151/Locked/media/ch18/18_07LamdaLyticLysoCycle.jpg
Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral
DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome
as a prophage. lysogenic
3.C.3.b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection. These latent viral
genomes can result in new properties for the host such as increased pathogenicity in bacteria.
Sequence where RNA polymerase
attaches and begins transcription
promoter
Promoter sequence in eukaryotic DNA
crucial in forming the transcription
initiation complex TATA box
Essential knowledge 3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
a. Both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression.
http://bio3400.nicerweb.net/bio1151/Locked/media/ch18/18_07LamdaLyticLysoCycle.jpg
Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral
DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome
as a prophage.
lytic
3.C.3.a.2. Viruses replicate via a component assembly model allowing one virus to produce many progeny simultaneously via the lytic cycle..
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation1352235811443.png
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA
shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is
incorporation into a bacterium is called
TRANSFORMATION
________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA
molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
Image from: https://www.withfriendship.com/images/i/40591/Bacterial-conjugation-wallpaper.jpg
The type of horizontal transfer of DNA
shown in the diagram in which DNA is passed
directly from one bacterium to another via a
CONJUGATION
sex pillus is called ________________
Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),
transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA
molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]
http://spot.pcc.edu/~jvolpe/b/bi234/lec/hw/thymineDimer.jpg
Mutation caused by UV light which
distorts the shape of the DNA molecule
Thymine dimer
3.C.1. a.1. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause
random changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.
Making a DNA copy = _____________
replication
Using DNA code to
transcription
make an RNA = ___________________
Using an RNA message
translation
to make a protein = _______________
Give some examples of products
produced using genetic engineering to
benefit humans
Genetically modified food
EX: Golden rice
Transgenic organisms
EX: oil spill eating bacteria
Pharmaceuticals
EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone,
insulin, blood clotting factors
Agriculture:
EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn
3.A.1.f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include:
• Genetically modified foods
• Transgenic animals
• Cloned animals
• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X
Image from: https://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/file/view/polysome.gif/214477522/polysome.gif
Arrangement of multiple ribosomes
translating a prokaryotic mRNA at
the same time
polyribosomes
3.A.1. c. 3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2006_9/Page1_files/image008.jpg
What happens to
the incoming amino
acid after the
tRNA positions it
in the A site?
It is joined to the growing polypeptide chain
by a peptide bond and transferred to
the P site
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and
termination. The salient features include:
v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/50/21/4a/50214a01e2ab00337d5c684d23d544ff.jpg
Sequences of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which are cut out
of the pre-mRNA molecule before it is read
by the ribosomes
intron
Where does transcription happen in
eukaryotic cells?
nucleus
http://www.proteinsynthesis.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/protein-synthesis-steps-initiation-300x170.jpg
During the first step of translation the mRNA
interacts with the small ribosomal subunit at the
start codon. This is called
INITIATION
____________________
The AUG start codon always puts
METHIONINE in the first position in a
______________
polypeptide chain.
3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and
termination. The salient features include:
i. The mRNA interacts with the rRNA of the ribosome to initiate translation at the (start) codon.
iii.. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.
MAKE A PREDICTION about what the gel pattern
from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell
allele might look like.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on
scientific theories and models.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Heterozygotes have one sickle cell allele and
one wild type (normal) allele… so they have the band
seen in the sickle cell lane AND the bands seen in
the wild type lane.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on
scientific theories and models.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Image from:https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/27_11transduction_4-l-1492B329E510056FD0C.jpg
The type of horizontal
transfer of DNA shown in
the diagram in which DNA
is moved from one
bacterium to another via
viral infection is called
TRANSDUCTION
________________
Essential knowledge 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic
variation into the hosts.
b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell. [See also 1.B.3]
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Transduction in bacteria
Enzyme that adds nucleotide subunits
to an RNA primer during replication
DNA polymerase III
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Name the TWO kinds of molecules
that combine to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA and proteins
Segments formed when the lagging
strand is copied Okazaki fragments
Complex made of snRNP’s and
proteins that edits and removes
introns
spliceosome
Macromolecule made by joining amino
acid subunits together
protein
Small molecules made of RNA and
proteins that recognize splice sites on
pre-mRNA’s and combine with other
proteins to make spliceosomes
Small ribonucleoproteins
(snRNP’s)
STANDARD CURVE
Use this
standard curve
to predict the
size of a
DNA fragment
that traveled
26 cm on
this gel
1000 bp
Scientists use PCR for what purpose?
Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA
In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with
Niemann-Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make
multiple copies of the DNA, what needs to be part of the
reaction mix that is added to the DNA.
DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase
Watch a video about PCR
Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in
class, E.coli bacteria were treated with CaCl2 solution
and “heat shocked”. What was the purpose of doing
this?
These help make the bacterial
cells “competent” to take up the
plasmid
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Plasmid-based transformation LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used
technologies. [See SP 6.4]
Bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class:
predict what will happen on these plates
These help make the bacterial
cells “competent” to take up the
plasmid
Bacteria that
have picked up
the plasmid with
ampR gene can
grow here. Those
w/o the plasmid
will not be able to
grow.
Bacteria that
have picked up
the plasmid can
grow here.
Arabinose causes
bacteria to “glow”
Bacteria w/o the
plasmid
containing the
ampR gene can’t
grow here.
Bacteria w/o
the plasmid are
able to grow
creating a “lawn”
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Plasmid-based transformation
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in
class, E.coli bacteria were induced to pick up the
pGLO plasmid and plated on the following media.
LB nutrient
broth
LB nutrient
broth +
ampicillin
LB nutrient
broth + ampicillin
+ arabinose
On which of these plates would you expect to see
bacteria expressing the GFP gene?
E. coli with the pGLO plasmid could grow on all of
these, but would only glow on the plate with arabinose
added because this sugar turns on the ara gene which
also results in the expression of the “glowing” gene.
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Plasmid-based transformation
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [
EXPLAIN the relationship between FRAGMENT SIZE
and DISTANCE MOVED on a gel.
Smaller fragments move
faster and farther along
the gel
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]
If C is the parent of B, who is the other parent?
A1
A2
A3
FROM; http://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]
EXPLAIN why DNA fragments move along the gel
toward the POSITIVE pole when an electric current
is applied to the gel.
-
Phosphate groups in DNA
Backbone have a negative
charge which is attracted to
the positive pole.
+
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]
FROM; http://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting
Which person is the most likely suspect in this crime?
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Electrophoresis
• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6.4]
In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in
class, E.coli bacteria were treated with CaCl2 solution
and “heat shocked”. What was the purpose of doing
this?
These help make the bacterial
cells “competent” to take up the
plasmid
3.A.1.e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA.
• Plasmid-based transformation LO 3.5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used
technologies. [See SP 6.4]
Image modified from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg
Eukaryotic genes have regions of DNA called TATA boxes located nearby
the promoter which have large numbers of A-T base pairs. How might the
arrangement of hydrogen bonds in these regions this explain the ability of
TATA boxes to help position RNA polymerase and open the DNA to
increase transcription ?
3.A.1.b.3. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (
A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).
i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.
ii. Pyrimidines (C, T and U) have a single ring structure Both DNA
Image modified from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg
A-T held together by 2 hydrogen bonds;
G-T held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
Easier to separate and open strands in areas with many A-T bonds
RNA Polymerase can start reading the code easier here
Easier for transcription to start in places with many A’s and T’s
3.A.1.b.3. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (
A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).
i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.
ii. Pyrimidines (C, T and U) have a single ring structure Both DNA
Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show
that the sickle cell mutation caused a
change in the DNA code. He cut the gene
from a person with normal hemoglobin and
a person with sickle cell anemia with a
restriction enzyme and compared them
using RFLP analysis.
Use what you know about the sickle cell
mutation to EXPLAIN why the gel
patterns in these people might show
different numbers and lengths of
fragments on a gel.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168
Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so the restriction
enzyme shown does not recognize that spot as a cut site.
Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spot
so produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments.
SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.
6.2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices
THE END