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W
hich of the following is a nucleotide found
in DNA?
a. ribose + phosphate group +
thymine
b. ribose + phosphate group +
uracil
c. deoxyribose + phosphate group
+ uracil
d. deoxyribose + phosphate
group + cytosine
Transcription is the process of
copying _______________ which
occurs in the __________________.
Translation is the process of
building a sequence of
________________ _____________ from a
template of _______________
Answer: DNA, nucleus
Answer: amino acids, mRNA.
D
During DNA replication, a DNA strand
that has the bases CTAGGT
produces a strand with the bases
a. TCGAAC.
b. GATCCA.
c. AGCTTG.
d. GAUCCA.
Describe the function of DNA
helicase and ligase.
Describe the complementary rules
in DNA (Adenine binds with ? and
Guanine binds with ?)
Helicase: “unzips” DNA
Thymine, Cytosine
Ligase: Anneals DNA back
together.
23. How
Name two differences between
DNA and RNA.
How many codons are needed to specify
During transcription, a molecule
of ________________ is created from a three amino acids?
a. 3
DNA has the sugar deoxyribose,
DNA template.
b. 6
RNA has the sugar ribose.
c. 9
Answer: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
d. 12
RNA has uracil as a base, DNA has
thymine as a base.
27.
What
5.What happens during the process of translation?
DuringDuring translation, the type of amino acid
a. Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
that is added to the growing polypeptide
depends on the
b. The cell uses information from
a. codon on the mRNA only.
messenger RNA to produce
b. anticodon on the mRNA only.
proteins.
c. Transfer RNA is made from
c. anticodon on the tRNA to which the
messenger RNA.
amino acid is attached only.
d. Copies of DNA molecules are made.
d. codon on the mRNA and the
anticodon on the tRNA to which the
amino acid is attached.
Describe the central dogma of biology.
Why is it important?
Genes (DNA)  mRNA  amino acids 
proteins  traits.
This means that traits are determined by
DNA.
A mutation that involves a single
nucleotide is called a:
Which type of mutation can
NEVER be a frameshift mutation?
Point mutation
Substitution or point mutation
What is the difference between
nonsense and missense
mutations?
Describe what semi-conservative
replication is
Nonsense: changes an amino acid
to a stop codon (so the protein
can not form)
Missense: changes amino acid to
another amino acid
The process of keeping one parent
strand of DNA and building
another strand off of it.
tRNA’s anticodon recognizes the
codon of mRNA and carries the
appropriate amino acid to build
the protein.
Point mutation: substitutions
Frameshift mutations: insertion,
deletion
Silent, nonsense, missense
mutations
If the DNA sequence is TAC, then
the mRNA codon that will be
transcribed is ______________ and will
be translated into the amino acid
_____________
Answer: AUG, methionine
WhatWhat is a mutation?
If the DNA sequence is AAA, then
the mRNA codon that will be
ANS:
transcribed is _______________ and
A mutation is a change in a DNA
will be translated into the amino
sequence that affects genetic
acid ______________.
information.
Answer: UUU, Phe
What is the function of tRNA?
Name the different types of
mutations
What are restriction enzymes?
They are enzymes that recognize a
specific DNA site (RECOGNITION
site) and break hydrogen bonds
there.
Why is a DNA double helix said to
be antiparallel?
One strand of the DNA runs the
opposite of the other.
What are the two types of cuts
restriction enzymes can make?
a) Blunt cuts (a straight cut)
and
b) Sticky ends (staggered cut)
What is the purpose of gel
electrophoresis?
How does recombinant DNA
work?
A: It separates DNA based on the
size of the fragment (longer DNA
segments travel less)
A: You first cut segments of DNA
using restriction enzymes then
reanneal the segments using DNA
ligase.
What is the composition of a
virus?
Why do viruses need to infect a
host cell?
Why does DNA move in the
direction it does in gel
electrophoresis?
The negatively charged DNA is
attracted to the positively charged
end of the gel.
Why are RNA viruses harder to
treat?
A nucleic (DNA or RNA) core with It cannot replicate on its own.
a protein coat.
RNA viruses mutate rapidly.
Describe how a vaccine works.
Describe how gel electrophoresis
can be used to determine a
paternity test.
It takes a weakened form a virus
and injects it into the host to
prepare for a real virus infection
in the future.
Why do you need to add the same
restriction enzymes when you
are doing gel electrophoresis?
A: The point is to compare DNA
sequences and you need a control
to make sure you can compare
the different DNA sequences.
Describe how a virus enters of a
host cell.
It is disguised in a protein coat
that enters the cell. Once inside, it
sheds its protein coat and releases
its genetic material.
The bands from the mother and
father should add up to the
offspring.
All recognition sites of restriction
enzymes are: _________________
What is the purpose of a DNA
ladder in gel electrophoresis?
Palindromic.
It has known DNA lengths to
compare the unknown DNA
lengths to.