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W hich of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a. ribose + phosphate group + thymine b. ribose + phosphate group + uracil c. deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil d. deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine Transcription is the process of copying _______________ which occurs in the __________________. Translation is the process of building a sequence of ________________ _____________ from a template of _______________ Answer: DNA, nucleus Answer: amino acids, mRNA. D During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases a. TCGAAC. b. GATCCA. c. AGCTTG. d. GAUCCA. Describe the function of DNA helicase and ligase. Describe the complementary rules in DNA (Adenine binds with ? and Guanine binds with ?) Helicase: “unzips” DNA Thymine, Cytosine Ligase: Anneals DNA back together. 23. How Name two differences between DNA and RNA. How many codons are needed to specify During transcription, a molecule of ________________ is created from a three amino acids? a. 3 DNA has the sugar deoxyribose, DNA template. b. 6 RNA has the sugar ribose. c. 9 Answer: Messenger RNA (mRNA) d. 12 RNA has uracil as a base, DNA has thymine as a base. 27. What 5.What happens during the process of translation? DuringDuring translation, the type of amino acid a. Messenger RNA is made from DNA. that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the b. The cell uses information from a. codon on the mRNA only. messenger RNA to produce b. anticodon on the mRNA only. proteins. c. Transfer RNA is made from c. anticodon on the tRNA to which the messenger RNA. amino acid is attached only. d. Copies of DNA molecules are made. d. codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. Describe the central dogma of biology. Why is it important? Genes (DNA) mRNA amino acids proteins traits. This means that traits are determined by DNA. A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a: Which type of mutation can NEVER be a frameshift mutation? Point mutation Substitution or point mutation What is the difference between nonsense and missense mutations? Describe what semi-conservative replication is Nonsense: changes an amino acid to a stop codon (so the protein can not form) Missense: changes amino acid to another amino acid The process of keeping one parent strand of DNA and building another strand off of it. tRNA’s anticodon recognizes the codon of mRNA and carries the appropriate amino acid to build the protein. Point mutation: substitutions Frameshift mutations: insertion, deletion Silent, nonsense, missense mutations If the DNA sequence is TAC, then the mRNA codon that will be transcribed is ______________ and will be translated into the amino acid _____________ Answer: AUG, methionine WhatWhat is a mutation? If the DNA sequence is AAA, then the mRNA codon that will be ANS: transcribed is _______________ and A mutation is a change in a DNA will be translated into the amino sequence that affects genetic acid ______________. information. Answer: UUU, Phe What is the function of tRNA? Name the different types of mutations What are restriction enzymes? They are enzymes that recognize a specific DNA site (RECOGNITION site) and break hydrogen bonds there. Why is a DNA double helix said to be antiparallel? One strand of the DNA runs the opposite of the other. What are the two types of cuts restriction enzymes can make? a) Blunt cuts (a straight cut) and b) Sticky ends (staggered cut) What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? How does recombinant DNA work? A: It separates DNA based on the size of the fragment (longer DNA segments travel less) A: You first cut segments of DNA using restriction enzymes then reanneal the segments using DNA ligase. What is the composition of a virus? Why do viruses need to infect a host cell? Why does DNA move in the direction it does in gel electrophoresis? The negatively charged DNA is attracted to the positively charged end of the gel. Why are RNA viruses harder to treat? A nucleic (DNA or RNA) core with It cannot replicate on its own. a protein coat. RNA viruses mutate rapidly. Describe how a vaccine works. Describe how gel electrophoresis can be used to determine a paternity test. It takes a weakened form a virus and injects it into the host to prepare for a real virus infection in the future. Why do you need to add the same restriction enzymes when you are doing gel electrophoresis? A: The point is to compare DNA sequences and you need a control to make sure you can compare the different DNA sequences. Describe how a virus enters of a host cell. It is disguised in a protein coat that enters the cell. Once inside, it sheds its protein coat and releases its genetic material. The bands from the mother and father should add up to the offspring. All recognition sites of restriction enzymes are: _________________ What is the purpose of a DNA ladder in gel electrophoresis? Palindromic. It has known DNA lengths to compare the unknown DNA lengths to.