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Peripheral Nervous System
Jessica Harwood
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
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AUTHORS
Jessica Harwood
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
EDITOR
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
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Printed: March 10, 2016
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Doris Kraus, Ph.D.
Niamh Gray-Wilson
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
Sarah Johnson
Jane Willan
Corliss Karasov
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C HAPTER
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Chapter 1. Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Outline the divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
Distinguish the sensory division from the motor division.
Summarize responsibilities of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Explain the difference between the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.
TEKS
.
(11) The student investigates structure and function of the human body. The student is expected to:
(A) analyze the relationship between anatomical structures and physiological functions of systems, including the
integumentary, nervous, skeletal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive
Objectives
• Define peripheral nervous system
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How does your brain connect to the rest of your body?
You know you have nerves in your fingers and toes because you can feel them. But how does your brain know what’s
going on in these nerves? You have a network of nerves running from your brain and spinal cord to your fingers and
toes and the rest of your body. This network is known as the peripheral nervous system.
The Peripheral Nervous System
There are other nerves in your body that are not found in the brain or spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system
(PNS) (Figure 1.1) contains all the nerves in the body that are found outside of the central nervous system. They
include nerves of the hands, arms, feet, legs, and trunk. They also include nerves of the scalp, neck, and face. Nerves
that send and receive messages to the internal organs are also part of the peripheral nervous system.
FIGURE 1.1
The blue lines in this drawing represent
nerves of the peripheral nervous system.
Every peripheral nerve is connected directly or indirectly to the spinal cord. Notice the thick sciatic nerve. It is the longest
(and thickest) nerve in the body, running
from the lower region of the spinal cord to
just above the knee.
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Chapter 1. Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, most of which are mixed nerves, meaning they carry both motor and sensory
information to and from he brain and spinal cord.The twelve cranial nerves are numbered (using a roman numeral)
in order of appearance on the brain, starting at the most anterior and working to the most posterior.
FIGURE 1.2
Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory: Caries impulse to sense of smell. The olfactory bulbs are very close to the limbic system and
this is one of the reasons it is believed the sense of smell is so closely tied to memories.
II. Optic: Carries impulse for vision.
III. Oculomotor: Controls eye movements
IV: Trochlear: Controls eye movement
V: Trigeminal: Provides the face with sensations and allows the mouth to chew or bite
VI: Abducens: Somatic nerve that controls movement in that lateral rectus eye muscle, which moves the pupil
of the eye away from the body’s midline
VII: Facial: Controls facial expression
VIII: Vestibulocochlear: Transmits sound and balance information from inner ear to the brain
IX: Glossoharyngeal: Innervates pharynx and promotes swallowing, carries sensory impulse to brain from
taste buds
X: Vagus: Innervates pharynx, larynx, abdomen, and thoracic mucus membranes to promote digestion and
regulate the heart activity
XI: Accessory: Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius to cause movement
XII: Hypoglossal: Mixed nerve that controls the movement of the tongue while sending signals to the brain
from the tongue
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Spinal Nerves
Like most cranial nerves, the thirty one spinal nerves are also mixed nerves. Damage to spinal nerves will result in
paralysis to the part of the body that the spinal nerve or nerve plexus serves. The thirty one nerves are divided into
four nerve plexuses, which are bundles of nerves that serve a particular part of the body.
FIGURE 1.3
Spinal nerve plexuses
Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts, the sensory division and the motor division. How these
divisions of the peripheral nervous system are related to the rest of the nervous system is shown below (Figure 1.4).
Refer to the figure as you read more about the peripheral nervous system in the text that follows.
The Sensory Division
The sensory division carries messages from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system. Human
beings have several senses. They include sight, hearing, balance, touch, taste, and smell. We have special sense
organs for each of these senses. What is the sense organ for sight? For hearing?
Sensory neurons in each sense organ receive stimuli, or messages from the environment that cause a response in the
body. For example, sensory neurons in the eyes send messages to the brain about light. Sensory neurons in the skin
send messages to the brain about touch. Our sense organs recognize sensations, but they don’t tell us what we are
sensing. For example, when you breathe in chemicals given off by baking cookies, your nose does not tell you that
you are smelling cookies. That’s your brain’s job. The sense organs send messages about sights, smells, and other
stimuli to the brain (Figure 1.5). The brain then reads the messages and tells you what they mean. A certain area
of the brain receives and interprets information from each sense organ. For example, information from the nose is
received and interpreted by the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
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Chapter 1. Peripheral Nervous System
FIGURE 1.4
The sensory division interprets messages
from sense organs and internal organs,
and the motor division sends messages
to internal organs, glands, and muscles.
FIGURE 1.5
Which senses would be stimulated by these raspberries?
The Motor Division
The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs
and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system carries messages that control body movements. It is responsible for activities that are
under your control, such as waving your hand or kicking a ball. The girl pictured below (Figure 1.6) is using her
somatic nervous system to control the muscles needed to play the violin. Her brain sends messages to motor neurons
that move her hands so she can play. Without the messages from her brain, she would not be able to move her hands
and play the violin.
The autonomic nervous system carries nerve impulses to internal organs. It controls activities that are not under
your control, such as sweating and digesting food. The autonomic nervous system has two parts:
1. The sympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during emergencies. It prepares the body for
fight or flight (Figure 1.7). For example, it increases the heart rate and the flow of blood to the legs, so you
can run away from danger.
2. The parasympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during the rest of the time. It controls
processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing when there is not an emergency.
Have you ever become frightened and felt your heart start pounding? How does this happen? The answer is your
autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic division prepared you to deal with a possible emergency by increasing
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FIGURE 1.6
These women’s central nervous systems
are controlling the movements of their
hands and arms as they play the violin.
Their brains send commands to their somatic nervous system, which controls the
muscles of their hands and arms.
FIGURE 1.7
The woman pictured here is just pretending to be frightened, but assuming that
she really was scared, think of which
division of the autonomic nervous system would prepare her body for an emergency.
your heart rate. The fact that this happened in the blink of an eye shows how amazing the nervous system is.
Vocabulary
Mixed nerves
Nerves that have both sensory and motor function
Plexus
group of nerves that serves the limbs
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Chapter 1. Peripheral Nervous System
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the peripheral nervous system?
What are the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the sensory division? Describe the role of sensory neurons?
Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Summary
• The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that are found outside the central nervous system.
• The peripheral nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor divisions, which are then divided into
further systems and subdivisions.
Explore More
Explore More I
Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
• PNS at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aiI2xt3crY (4:01)
MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/57576
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system? How do they differ?
What do the nerves of the autonomic nervous system connect to?
What is meant by a "rest and digest" response? What part of the nervous system is involved with this response?
What is meant by a "fight or flight" response? What part of the nervous system is involved with this response?
Explore More II
Cranial Nerve Examination and Evaluation Tests: http://healthcaresciencesocw.wayne.edu/cnm/1_1.htm or http://l
ibrary.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/cranialnerve_normal.html
References
1. User:Persian Poet Gal/Wikipedia. The blue lines in this drawing illustrate the nerves of the peripheral nervo
us system . Public Domain
2. Laura Guerin. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor divisi
on sends signals . CC BY-NC 3.0
3. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These raspberries stimulate several senses in the
body . Public Domain
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4. Scott Schram. The somatic nervous system controls the movements of hands and arms . CC BY 2.0
5. Image copyright CREATISTA, 2014. The autonomous nervous system controls responses such as fight or fl
ight . Used under license from Shutterstock.com
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