Download BIOLOGY 12: U NIT M/N - C A. CHAPTER REVIEW 1. What are the

BIOLOGY 12: UNIT M/N - CHAPTER 17 - REVIEW WORKSHEET
NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. CHAPTER REVIEW
1. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? What does each include?
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2. What are the three main parts of neurons? What is the function of each?
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3. Distinguish between the three types of neurons. (ie. compare lengths of dendrites/ axons)
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4. Schwann cells lay down several layers of cellular membrane containing _____________, which plays an important role in
nerve ___________________ in the PNS.
5. What is meant by the resting membrane potential? What is its value?
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6. Describe the distribution of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the axomembrane. How is the unequal
distribution of ions maintained? In which direction will the ions be pumped?
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7. Why are there always more positive ions outside the axomembrane than inside? What contributes to the negative
charge in the axoplasm?
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8. During the upswing of the AP, what ion will flow into the axon? What happens to the charge on the inside of the axon?
What is this process called?
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9. What happens when the potassium gates open? What is this process called?
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10. Why is the Na+/K+ pump important after repolarization has occurred?
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11. The time period in which the neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse is termed the __________________ period.
12. Why is the speed of conduction much faster in myelinated nerve fibres than in unmyelinated nerve fibres? What is this
type of conduction called?
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13. Define the following terms:
a) presynaptic membrane: __________________________________________________________________________________________
b) synapse:
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c) synaptic cleft:
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d) postsynaptic cleft:
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14. a) What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon’s presynaptic membrane?
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b) The substances that are released are termed ___________________________ (______)
15. What happens to the postsynaptic membrane if the released product is excitatory? Result when released product is
inhibitory?
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16. List two excitatory neurotransmitters, their abbreviation, and the enzymes that break them down.
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17. What determines whether a nerve will fire? This is called ___________________________________________________________.
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18. Name the body system that integrates the information it receives from all over our body in order to make decisions.
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19. What is the Peripheral Nervous System made up of? Where are the cell bodies found within the PNS?
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20. Distinguish between the 3 types of nerves in the PNS.
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21. State the number of cranial & spinal nerves in humans. Spinal nerves are which kind of nerve?
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22. What type of nerves are found in the dorsal and ventral roots? What does the somatic nervous system do?
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23. What is a reflex? List the path in a simple reflex arc.
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24. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
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25. Where does the Sympathetic division arise? Describe the lengths of the preganglionic & postganglionic fibres. Why is
this system important? What neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic fibre?
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26. Where does the Parasympathetic division arise? Describe the lengths of the preganglionic & postganglionic fibres.
Why is this system important? What neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic fibre?
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27. What are the two parts of the Central Nervous System? What is the function of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid?
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28. The cerebrospinal fluid is contained within the _______________ of the brain & the __________ ________ of the spinal
cord. What are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord? Where is the grey matter found in the spinal cord?
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29. Which part of the unconscious brain lies closest to the spinal cord and contains centres for the heartbeat, respiration,
vasoconstriction, and various reflex centres?
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30. Which part of the brain functions to:
a) maintain homeostasis and control of the pituitary gland? _____________________________
b) regulate breathing rate together with the medulla oblongata? _______________________
c) act as a central relay station for incoming sensory impulses traveling to the cerebrum?
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d) i) act as a gatekeeper to the cerebrum? ii) Name the specific part that achieves this function. i)
___________________________ ii) ___________________________
e) coordinate muscle activity, muscle tone, and maintain posture? _____________________
31. Name the LARGEST part of the human brain that is responsible for consciousness. ________________________ What is
the outer grey layer called? ___________ _______________
List the four lobes of the brain: _______________________________________________________________________________________
32. What is the role of association areas? What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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33. What is the cause of Parkinson and Huntington disease?
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34. a) Why is alcohol consumption dangerous for pregnant women? (p. 338)
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b) What happens to the liver in an alcoholic?
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35. What is cocaine’s mode of action?
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36. What is heroin derived from? Describe its mode of action. What are the withdrawal symptoms?
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B. COMPLETION AND SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. The peripheral nervous system may be divided into the _____________ and _______________ divisions.
2. A motor neuron has a ________ (long/short) axon and __________ (long/short) dendrites.
3. During depolarization of the nerve impulse, the _____________ ions move to the INSIDE of the neuron.
4. The junction between one neuron and another is called a _____________.
5. ______________ are automatic, involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside the body.
6. Each division of the autonomic nervous system controls the same organs, but they generally have _________________
effects.
7. The LARGEST portion of the human brain is the ______________.
8. The parasympathetic division causes the heartbeat to _____________ (increase/decrease).
9. The _____________ are protective membranes covering the CNS.
10. The function of dendrites is to ____________________________________________________________________________________.
11. The function of cell bodies is to ___________________________________________________________________________________.
12. The function of axons is to ________________________________________________________________________________________.
13. The function of the axon bulbs is to _______________________________________________________________________________.
14. The nerve cell of the nervous system is called the _____________, of which there are three types: _____________________,
_____________________ and ______________________. Each type is made up of an ______________, _________ ____________,
and a _______________.
Nerves are composed of a number of __________ __________. Cell bodies are found in the CNS and in the ________________
of the PNS. The sensory neuron cell body is found in the ____________-__________ ganglion. The postganglionic cell body
of the Sympathetic division is found in ganglia that lie alongside the spinal cord, and the postganglionic cell body of the
Parasympathetic division is found in ganglia located near the _____________ and lower _________ _______.
15. ___________ cells may encircle an axon and lay down several layers of cellular membrane that contains _____________,
which gives nerve fibres their white, glistening appearance. The gaps between ___________ cells on myelinated nerve
fibres are called the ____________ ______ ____________, which cause the speed of nerve impulse conduction to be much
____________ (slower/faster).
16. The outer part of the cerebrum is called the ____________ ____________, and the two halves of the cerebrum are called
the __________ _______________ _______________ and the _________ _______________ ___________________.
17. In the spinal reflex arc, a stimulus is received by a ____________ organ, which initiates a nerve impulse in the
_____________ neuron. The sensory neuron takes the message to the spinal cord and transmits it to the ________________.
This neuron passes the impulse to the _________________ neuron, which takes the message from the spinal cord and
innervates a muscle.
18. Fill in the table below to indicate the functions of the following parts of the brain.
FUNCTION
BRAIN PART
a. Cerebrum
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cerebellum
e. Medulla oblongata
19. Place the correct name of the cerebral lobe beside the functional description.
a) __________________ lobe controls voluntary skeletal muscles, elaborates conscious thought.
b) __________________ lobe has sensory areas responsible for sensing temperature, touch, pressure, and pain from the skin.
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c) ________________ lobe controls hearing and smelling.
d) ________________ lobe is responsible for vision.
20. Describe the relative length of the nerve fibre and whether it would be an axon or dendrite in the:
a) cranial sensory nerves: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
b) cranial motor nerves: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
c) spinal mixed nerves: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
21. Describe transmission across a synapse.
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22. Indicate three ways in which both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are similar.
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23. Indicate ways in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ in the following table.
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
Type of situation used
NT released
Ganglia near SC or near organ?
Spinal nerves only OR spinal nerves +
vagus (X) cranial nerve?
24. Draw a graph of the action potential as it would appear on the oscilloscope screen when a nerve is stimulated. Label
the following on the graph: action potential, resting potential, threshold, sodium gates open, potassium gates open,
depolarization, and repolarization.
25. During the time of rest, the ____________-______________ pump restores the original distribution of ions across the
membrane of a nerve fibre.
26. The nerve impulse is the same in all neurons. It consists of an increase in membrane _______________ so that sodium
moves to the _______________ of the axon and potassium moves to the _________________. The significance of this is that
an electrochemical change has occurred, which is propagated along the nerve until it reaches the axon __________.
Here a _________________________ is released, and this enters the synaptic cleft. The nerve impulse is one-way because the
synaptic vesicles are only at the bulbous ends of _______________. After passage across the synapse, acetylcholine (
) is
destroyed by the enzyme _______________________ (
).
27. Drugs. Complete the following table.
NAME
MODE OF ACTION
a. Alcohol
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
b. Marijuana
c. Cocaine
d. Heroin
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28. There are both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. If a drug blocks the action of an inhibitory NT,
will the psychological effect be stimulated or depressed? ___________________. If the drug blocks the action of an
excitatory NT, what will the psychological effect be?
29. Ganglia contain ___________ ______________. Nerves contain ________________, which are LONG in motor neurons, and
__________________, which are SHORT in sensory neurons.
30. Divisions of the nervous system. Match the items in the key to the phrases below.
1. CNS 2. PNS
3. Somatic Division(SD)
4. Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
______ a. ganglia and nerves
______ b. functions without need for conscious control
______ c. brain and spinal cord
______ d. integration and control of other divisions
______ e. activation of skeletal muscles
______ f. regulates activity of internal organs
______ g. somatic and autonomic nervous systems
______ h. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
31. Match the following terms to their description.
Synaptic vesicles
Nodes of Ranvier
Ganglia
______________________________ a. contain neurotransmitters
______________________________ b. are nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
______________________________ c. terminate at muscles
______________________________ d. are unmyelinated regions of a nerve fibre
Motor neurons
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