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The Biology of Psychology Wade Johnson • Ever wonder why you behave as you do? • Or better yet why do others behave as they do? • The answer is simply people behave as they must because of a number of individual factors. • To answer that we need to know “how” people behave as they do. So fasten your seat belts the answer to these questions is incredible! All we study in science is incredible, but human body and its complicated physical mechanisms are even more incredible. • More the most fantastic human function, by far is the human mind. How does that make us who we are, how we think, how we make decisions, how we act and react? • Our minds is the most significant item about us that make us unique in all the universe and different from every other living thing including other people. Psalm 139:14 [we] are wonderfully and fearfully made. The human body has millions of sensor cells all over and inside. There are three categories of sensory cell; 1. Physical Receptors 2. Chemical Receptors 3. Internal Receptors • These sensor receptor cells have the unique of detecting function information (data) through these various senses, converting the data to chemical electrical energy through a process call transduction and transmitting the sensory information from the sensors to the brain and central nervous system. Now get this! • These neural chemical electrical signals are unique and specific to the sensory organ that is transmitting the information. • A close example would be similar to a bar code. • The brain decodes these signals and identifies it as to which sensory cell has sent it and the nature of the information embedded on the signal. • This information is selected, organized interpreted and stored experiential data into meaningful patterns and useable mental representations with a system we call perception. • The brain organizes sensory impressions into a whole –complete form-forming capability of our senses particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves. • The complete form-forming capability of our senses is known as the Gestalt Theory • The physical receptors are the optic system (eyes) the auditory system (ears) and the skin surface. • Sensory information that is picked up by the optic system is in the form of Light waves enter retina detected and transduced into neural signals. The light passes through the pupil, and cornea. Rods and cones send signals to the brain by activating bipolar and ganglion cells. The Signal exits eye through optic nerve to brain for further processing. • Vision comes to you in the form of wave energy. • The waves are in nature and travel at 186,000 miles per second. They are transferred into light energy by the nervous system. • A wavelength of light is measured in *Nano seconds. • A Nano is one billionth of a meter. • (*Greek = Dwarf). • Human vision ranges form about 375 to about 775 Nanometers. Sensory information that enters through the auditory system is in the form of Sound a form of energy created by changes in pressure that moves through air, water, and other matter, in waves of vibration. • Variations in Air Pressure and Corresponding Waveform. The rapid back-and-forth vibration creates the longitudinal or compression waves of sound The ear is the sense organ that detects sounds. These vibrations are transduced into neural signals that are sent to the brain for further processing. • Sensory information that enters from the surface of the skin or, the sense of touch, has receptors that yield sensations of heat (warmth), cold, pressure, and pain. • Signal transduction converts a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cell into a specific cellular response. Signal transduction starts with a signal to a receptor, and ends with a change in cell function. • The Olfactory system Nose- Smelling and the gustatory system the Tongue- Tasting make up the chemical receptors. • Then we have the internal sensory cells that are really amazing. Those internal sensors are the Vestibular Sensors, and Kinesthetic Sensors. • Kinesthetic sensors or the Kinesthesis sense is responsible for body and posture orientation and the orientation of the various parts of the body to each other. Information is fed to the brain from the sensors in the joints, tendons and muscles. Instructions are then sent from the brain to the joints, tendons and muscles ordering them to perform certain tasks as needed. • The ability to touch your nose with your finger is possible because of the Kinesthesis activity. Vestibular Sense or Vestibular Neurophysiology The Balance System • The sense of balance and general body orientation and position with respect to gravity and space and our surroundings is controlled by the vestibular sense. You are aware of where you are now, and in what position because of your vestibular sense • Although much is known about the vestibular part of the inner ear, key aspects of how the vestibular receptors perceive, process and report essential information are still mysterious • Our vestibular system contains three semicircular canals in each labyrinth. The canals are cleverly arranged in such a way that each canal on the left side has an almost parallel counterpart on the right side Each of these three pairs works in a push-pull fashion: when one canal is stimulated, its corresponding partner on the other side is inhibited, and vice versa. • As humans grow we learn new skills requiring the coordinated movement of the body and its limbs. • As we develop these motor skills and movements the kinesthetic sense is able to program itself to automatically function as needed. • Then there are those Feature detectors specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information. • Feature detection is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise • Certain basic mechanisms for perceptual selection are built into the brain. However a certain amount of interaction with the environment is necessary for feature detector cells to develop normally. • Well now, how is this sensory information transmitted to the areas of the brain and spinal cord where the real work is done? • It is done with neurons. Neurons are excitable cells in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling. • There are three types of neurons; Sensory neurons, Motor neurons , Interneurons . Neocortical Networks • As you would imagine the sensory neurons pick up the sensory stimuli by responding to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of thy1-YFP mouse the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain at 1000 feet per second. 200 µm Feng et al., (2000) Neuron 28:41 • Interneurons picks up the signals and connect neurons to other neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system the brain and spinal cord. • Information received from the sensory neurons is processed by processing systems in the brain and spinal cord and they send activation signals again through the Interneurons to the Motor neurons that activate muscle contractions and to certain glands. • These neurons are magnificent pieces of work. They are made up of the neuron cell body dendrites, axons and axon terminals. • The cell membrane of the axon and cell body contain voltage-gated ion channels which allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical signal (an action potential). These signals are generated and propagated by charge-carrying ions including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca2+). Neurocrines Table 8-4-2: Major Neurocrines Voltage dependent conductances • Channel opening is a function of transmembrane voltage • When the information is handed off from one neuron cell to another it has to fire the charge across a fluid filled gap between the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another. • This gap is called the synapse. It acts something like a capacitor in an electrical circuit. • When the neural impulse reaches the synapse the axon terminal releases chemicals (neural transmitters) into the cleft. Neurotransmitters the chemical keys to this vital communication between the sensors and the brain and spinal cord. • Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. • The key element in the action of neurons is chemical electricity. They are involved in physical process such as muscle contraction glandular action to secrete specific hormones into the blood stream as needed They are also critical to the psychological processes such as thoughts, memory and emotions. The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body located in the center of the body and is made up of the brain and the bundle of nerves in the spinal cord. The spinal cord acts as the primary information pathway between the brain and all the other nervous systems of the body. It receives sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs, which it then relays upward to the brain. It is the nerves (neurons) in the spinal cord that carry messages between the brain and the body. We can’t understate the importance of the spinal cord as it acts as the primary information pathway between the brain and all the other nervous systems of the body. It receives sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs, which it then relays upward to the brain. • There is a peripheral nervous system that contains among other items the Autonomic Nervous System which controls involuntary functions; heart rate, digestion, pupil dilation, and breathing. • Like an automatic pilot. • self-regulating a key principle of all body systems, which depend of constant feedback in order to maintain homeostasis. • There are multiple feedback loops in the body which continually send and receive information about what’s going • The Autonomic Nervous System has two branches • Sympathetic and parasympathetic system work in tandem to create a synergistic stimulation that can be described as a continuum depending upon how vigorously each division is attempting to carry out its actions. • Controls those feelings which are experienced as coming UP – anger, fear, excitement, desire, hatred – and which if expressed involve movement out, or towards, or in the case of fear, away from, an object. • Sympathetic physiology increases energy and readies the body for action – so it is also about the need to do, express, act. The parasympathetic nervous system is the subsystem that returns the body to balance (homeostasis or relaxed state). Also facilitates a concomitant of coming DOWN – disappointment, grief, shame, guilt, despair; and contentment, peacefulness, satisfaction - feelings which involve a decrease in tension, withdrawal of energy inward and tend more towards introspection. • Laughter and tears are both usually a sign of parasympathetic activity. The parasympathetic nervous system uses only acetylocholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter. • The cerebrum also contains the cerebral cortex involved in the higher-level functions such as thinking, remembering and solving problems. • The limbic system is of particular importance to the functions of mental process and behavior. It is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex. The limbic system A set of highly inter-related brain structures which, when seen from the side, seem to nest inside each other, encircling the brainstem in a 'wishbone'. it supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, the formation of memory, Learning and cognitive processing and olfaction (Sense of Smell) Explains why smells effect our memory Responsible for the mental integration of all functions related to personal ‘experience’ and personal identity. The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system • Emotions and feelings, like wrath, fright, passion, love, hate, joy and sadness, are mammalian inventions, originated in the limbic system. • When we speak of “chemistry” between people that is literally true. • The Limbic system sends signals to the appropriate glands to secret certain hormones into the blood to induce certain feelings and their corresponding actions. This is the reason we can have behavior and mental processes. • That brings us to the next stage of our mental process and subsequent behavior. Consciousness. • Consciousness connects the brain to specific things in the environment to enable us to coordinate our actions with the events that are taking place around us. • The concept that one exists as an individual, separate from other people, with private thoughts. • In biological psychology, awareness comprises one’s perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. • We make sense of our experiences and the world around us. • We are aware and conscious due to interaction with sensory memory, perception, environment and our own mental processes with the help of our Limbic and Central Nervous systems. Now let’s consider how those mental processes are formed • When all this data comes in from the sensors our minds form perceptions of the experience. • Information is placed in the short term memory (the workbench) where the perception and thought process takes place. • The meta memory scans the memory banks for information pertaining to the experience. • The memory banks finds and delivers the information needed with the help of the limbic system. • The limbic system integrates the various pieces of information. • The frontal lobe, which we associate with planning and intentional movement, houses the central executive, which regulates the activity of the other components of working memory. • Memory is critical to our psychological and physical survival. • We could not function with out memory. • We can not learn without memory. • The cerebrum also contains the limbic system which mediates emotional responses and memory. • The brain stem also controls the involuntary activity of the tongue, larynx eyes and facial muscles through specific motor neurons in these areas. • When you learn to ride a bike, shoot a gun, learn to dance or perform any activity that requires honed motor skills your practice in these activities programs the cerebellum so that after a while these movements are semiautomatic. • The cerebellum is known as the little brain. Connected to the back of the brain stem coordinates motor activity especially the fine tuning or voluntary movements. • The cerebellum functions in tandem with the inner ear to and the kinesthetic system to help to coordinate motor activity and maintain posture and balance. • The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory data into useable mental representations of the world is called perception. • Perception is a continuing process that never ceases. Pc>Bl>Bh>Cs • There is always an excess of sensory information, but the brain manages to sort out the important messages and discard the rest. • This is called selective attention. • There are certain stimuli in the environment the brain determines is not necessary to process. • Example the sound of the HVAC system • And how previous experiences will affect how we perceive the next similar event. • How one personally interprets the transaction and/or experiences will affect their behavior which results from that transaction. • And this is an amazing fact regarding perception we have some control over how we choose to perceive an experience. And how previous experiences will affect how we perceive the next similar event. Pc>Bl>Bh>Cs • The number and type of experiences plus ,our level of maturity will influence how we react to the experience. • The integrated processes we just discovered all work together to allow us to think. • Thinking is manipulating information in order to make sense of it and thereby make determinations as to what to do about it. Information is gathered and formed into a cognition. • Cognitions are Billions of bits of data that is related to a subject that enter into your conscious mind when that subject is brought to mind. • Cognitions are then organized into concepts. • Thinking allows us to solve problems. Problem solving leads to decision making. • It is through our decisions that we define who we are. • Our major decisions structure our lives. Smaller decisions provide the texture to our lives. • strong feelings about major, life-impacting decisions, intuition works remarkably well ion helping to make decisions. • This is because the amygdala and other brain regions associated with emotions store heaps of valuable information—culled from previous experiences and the pleasure or displeasure they brought—that comes back to us in the form of hunches. • Thinking is biological. • Neural, hormonal and chemical processes working together produces thought. • We gather and process information from the sensors, the limbic system, and memory banks where perception, learning and memory are combined and stored. • From memory, perception and thinking we derive intelligence which in turn facilitates a greater level of memory, perception and thinking abilities. • The property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn. • The number of those cognitive abilities available for use and the extent to which one is capable of using them determines applicable intelligence. • Efficiency of neurons firing across synapse. • Speed and availability of memory recall • Capacity and efficiency of stored data in memory • Efficiency of habituation and classical conditioning • Effectiveness of operant conditioning • Self concept • From these factors we are capable of developing maturity. • Maturity refers to one’s mental and emotional stability with regard to the exercising of judgment through application of experience and wisdom. • Another significant aspect of the biology of Psychology is the mental process that generates the behavior we call emotion. • Emotion is a feeling state involving thoughts (cognitive), physiological changes, and an outward expression or behavior. • One experiences a cognition about something creating a concern. • Organizing raw sensory stimuli into meaningful experiences involves cognition, a set of mental activities that includes thinking, knowing, and remembering. • From this cognition one draws a perception which sets off a collection of bodily responses from the limbic system sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. • secreting certain hormones (neurochemical activity) into the system, depending on the nature of the cognition, whether fear, love, anger, , sorrow, reverence, pleasure, displeasure, hate, etc. • The awareness of these responses constitutes a mental response and a physical (body, facial) expression. • The greater the mental response the greater the level of emotion. • Our education, thoughts, values, and expectations also help determine the type and intensity of our emotional responses. • Once an emotional event is initially processed, it eventually winds up in the prefrontal cortex, the more civilized part of brain. • Based on prior experiences, it will tell us if we are being rational or not. • It allows us to think through things, analyze them, and anticipate consequences of our behavior and predict how those consequences would make us feel. That is what happens when we think and behave. Do you find that amazing? • Can you believe that all this biological, physiological, and psychological activities working together all came about by accident? • Genesis 1:26 Mankind was created in the image of the mighty ones. • Proverbs 16:4 made all things • John 1:3 all things made by him • Psalm 139:14 Fearfully made • Knowledge and experience are extremely important for perception, because they help us make sense of the input to our sensory systems. To understand these ideas, try to read the following passage: • To be conscious to be awake, aware, alert, attentive. The extent to which we are conscious, or aware, will influence the extent to which we can properly process data. • We make sense of our experiences and the world around us. We are aware and conscious due to interaction with sensory memory, perception, environment and our own mental processes with the help of our Limbic and Central Nervous systems. • In biological psychology, awareness comprises one’s perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. • Popular ideas about consciousness suggest a condition of being aware of one's awareness or, self-awareness. • It is through these mechanism that we able to learn. • Learning is adding knowledge, skills. understanding and awareness to one’s consciousness, mental processes and applied behavior. • Learning and conditioning produce relatively permanent changes in neural connections and various parts of the brain. We can actually alter the number of neural connections in the brain as we develop more knowledge.