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Benjamin A. Pierce •GENETICS ESSENTIALS •Concepts and Connections • SECOND EDITION CHAPTER 8 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene © 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 8 OUTLINE • 8.1 Genetic Material Possesses Several Key Characteristics, 208 • 8.2 All Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Structure of DNA, 208 • 8.3 DNA Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Nucleotide Strands That Form a Double Helix, 214 • 8.4 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell • 8.5 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Possess Centromeres and Telomeres • 8.6 Eukaryotic DNA Contains Several Classes of Sequence Variation THE CASE OF NEANDERTHAL AN US • Analyses showed that Neanderthals and Humans interbred. • On average today humans have 1-4% of Neanderthal DNA 8.1 Genetic Material Possesses Several Key Characteristics • Genetic material has to contain complex information. • Store large amounts of information • Be stable • And yet vary • Genetic material must replicate faithfully. • To be able to transfer correct information to descendents • Genetic material must encode the phenotype. • The genotype must determine the phenotype 8.2 ALL GENETIC INFORMATION IS ENCODED IN THE STRUCTURE OF DNA • Early Studies of DNA • DNA As the Source of Genetic Information • The discovery of the transforming principle: 8.2 All Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Structure of DNA or RNA • DNA As the Source of Genetic Information • Identification of the transforming principle: • Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s experiment • Fig. 8.2 • The Hershey–Chase Experiment • Fig. 8.3 8.2 ALL GENETIC INFORMATION IS ENCODED IN THE STRUCTURE OF DNA OR RNA • DNA As the Source of Genetic Information • Watson and Crick’s discovery of the three-dimensional structure of DNA • X-ray diffraction image of DNA 8.3 DNA CONSISTS OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY AND ANTIPARALLEL NUCLEOTIDE STRANDS THAT FORM A DOUBLE HELIX • The primary structure of DNA • Nucleotides • Secondary structures of DNA • The double helix • Hydrogen bond and base pairing • Antiparallel complementary DNA strands 8.3 DNA Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Nucleotide Strands That Form a Double Helix • Secondary structure of DNA • Different secondary structures: 8.4 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell • Supercoiling • Positive supercoiling Fig. 8.16b • Negative supercoiling Fig. 8.16c • Topoisomerase: The enzyme responsible for adding and removing turns in the coil. 8.4 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell • Chromatin Structure • Euchromatin • Heterochromatin • Histone proteins 8.4 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell • Chromatin Structure • The nucleosome • Chromatosome • Linker DNA • High-order chromatin structure • Epigenetic changes 8.5 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Possess Centromeres and Telomeres • Chromatin Structure • Centromere structure • Telomere structure 8.6 EUKARYOTIC DNA CONTAINS SEVERAL CLASSES OF SEQUENCE VARIATION • Types of DNA Sequences in Eukaryotes: • Unique sequence DNA • Gene family: Similar but not identical copies of unique DNA sequences that arose through duplication of an existing gene. 8.6 Eukaryotic DNA Contains Several Classes of Sequence Variation • Types of DNA sequences in Eukaryotes: • Repetitive DNA • Moderately repetitive DNA: 150 ~ 300 bp long. • Tandem repeat sequences • Interspersed repeat sequences • Short interspersed elements: SINEs : Alu element • Long interspersed elements: LINEs. • Highly repetitive DNA: less than 10 bp long.