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Biotechnolgy Basic Molecular Biology • Core of biotechnology Began in 1940’s • Scientists studying animal and plant viruses 1953 • James Watson and Francis Crick identified the structure of DNA 1960’s • The genetic code was worked out 1970’s • Restriction enzymes were discovered. Broad range of studies • • • • • • DNA-RNA genetic engineering cloning gene therapy recombinant DNA gene splicing Nucleotides • Building blocks of nucleic acid • composed of three parts –a phosphate molecule –a sugar molecule –a nitrogen base molecule Sugar molecules • ribose as in RNA • deoxyribose as in DNA Nitrogen bases • five bases in RNA and DNA DNA • Cytosine - C • Thymine - T • Adenine - A • Guanine - G RNA • A, C, G & • Uracil - U • found only in RNA • Substitutes for Thymine Structure of DNA • genetic material of the cell - makes up the genes • genes are organized in chromosomes Chromosomes • make up the genetic info of the cell or genome The nucleotides….. • ACT&G form two long strands • The strands are complimentary • Bases on one strand are paired with those on the other strand Base Pairing • A with T • C with G • ALWAYS this way! 1. The DNA Structure was identified by….. • • • • A. Smith and Wesson B. Watson and Edison C. Watson and Crick D. Hodges and Kadinger 2. Nucleotides are: • A. building blocks of nucleic acids • B. building blocks of proteins • C. sugar molecules • D. high and low tides caused by phases of the moon 3. The four bases in DNA include Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine and _____ • A. Adenoid • B. Uracil • C. Adenine • D. Adipose 4. When was the structure of DNA identified • A. 1935 • B. 1948 • C. 1928 • D. 1953 Double Helix • forms when the two strands intertwine • like a ribbon around a pole Antiparallel • The two strands run antiparallel • They face each other and run in opposite directions Strands run in different directions • one strand runs from 5’ to 3’ • the other strand runs 3’to 5’ Prime ends • 3’ & 5’ are differentiated by the arrangement of the sugar on each nucleotide • 5’ ends in a Phosphate (P) • 3’ ends in a Hydroxide (OH) DNA Structure • unique for three reasons • complimentarity of the two strands - base pairing • variability of base sequence along the two linear strands DNA Structure • independence of the two strands –their ability to separate and rejoin without destroying the molecule. DNA in Humans • 6 billion base pairs in a human cell • 100 trillion cells in human body. • DNA in a human would reach to the moon and back 250,000 times Turns of the helix • There are ten base pairs per complete turn of the helix • Distance of one complete turn of the helix is 34 A ( Angstrums) Functions of DNA • carry genetic information • express genetic information Express genetic info • directs the synthesis of proteins • proteins determine the traits of an organism 5. How many base pairs are in each turn of the DNA helix • • • • A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 11 6. The bases in DNA pair this way: • • • • A. A with T, G with U B. A with U, T with C C. C with G, T with U D. A with T, C with G 7. The four bases found in RNA are • A. cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine • B. cytosine, thymine, uracil, guanine • C. cytosine, uragoof, adenine, guanine • D. cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine Eukaryotic Cells • having a true membrane bound nucleus • DNA of nucleus is stored by wrapping it around five proteins to form a nucleosome. Nucleosome • forms the chromosome • the genes are located along the DNA molecule • chromosomes occur in pairs 8. The sequence of bases in a strand of DNA is represented by TACCAG, what would be the sequence in the complementary DNA strand? • • • • A. TACCAG B. UADDAG C. ATGGTC D. AUGGUC 9. What would be the sequence of bases in RNA transcribed from the sequence TACCAG? • • • • A. TACCAG B. UACCAG C. ATGGTC D. AUGGUC Prokaryotic Cells • chromosome is not associated with proteins • exists as a single, circular chromosome of double stranded DNA. • Also contain smaller circular DNA called a plasmid Plasmids • can pass between bacteria • are vehicles for introducing new genes into bacteria in nature and in the lab Transcription • Replication • goes from the 5’ to the 3’ end of DNA Reading DNA • DNA is read from 3’ to 5” Synthesis of DNA • synthesized only in the 5’ to 3’ direction • Cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand - requires a 3’OH as a primer Types of RNA • messenger - mRNA carries the code for a protein Codon • sequence of three bases • each three bases represents an amino acid Transfer RNA • tRNA • carries appropriate Amino Acid with it • anticodon - pairs with the codon 10. A codon is made up of ____ bases. • • • • A. three B. four C. five D. eighteen 11. In RNA, Uracil pairs with__ • • • • A. Cytosine B. Guanine C. Thymine D. Adenine Ribosomal RNA • rRNA • required for bonding to occur by Amino Acids • Ribosome has two parts –big –small