Download Intro to DNA and Genetics

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Intro to DNA and Genetics! Objectives:
Describe the general ‘history’ of DNA, from theory to what the Human Genome Project was.
Explain what DNA is, and its basic structure.
Explain what nucleotides are, and the 4 types
Gregor
Explain what DNA’s Complimentary Base Pairing is, and demonstrate it.
Mendel
Explain what a Chromosome is, and how it’s different than a Gene.
the ‘father
Explain how Codons are used by a ribosome to build proteins.
of Genetics’
The Genesis of Genetics—a general history
DNA’s existence was theorized by an Austrian monk ________________ in the mid ________.
Mendel thought that SOMETHING determined how _________________________, and ____________, but did not
discover what exactly it was…
DNA itself was discovered(?) by __________________ and _____________in ________.
They won the ______________________ for this.
Although, it is rumored that fellow scientist, ___________________
was the one who really made the discovery that lead to the
discovery of DNA itself.
In _______, the Human Genome Project was started. This project’s
goal was to start with the _______________________________________
and simply map out the ___________________________________ of human DNA.
Once this project was done, further research could be done to learn more
about the ________________________________________________.
The project ___________ was ____________________, an original discover of DNA.
The Genome Project...
--was worked on by _________________ (USA –lead nation)
--worked on in ________ separate _______.
--cost _________________
--took ____________ to complete
…to map the ______________________ human DNA code.
All of this same information is ___________________________ of all the cells in your body, and can be used to
basically _______________________.
Future plans include _________________out the genome of ___________________________ for medical records.
What is DNA?!
--DNA stands for ________________________.
--A DNA molecule is a long, complicated _____________ found in the nucleus of all your cells.
--_____________ in the body contains a ______________________________ of your _______
--This long molecule is read by all your body cells as a ___________________________ so the
cells know how to do their jobs—__________enzymes, proteins, _______________________________, etc.
In the beginning of life, this same __________________________ is used by ________________ stem cells to build
the organs, structure, and ____________ of your body.
DNA anatomy
The DNA molecule is shaped in a _______________ formation called
a ‘_________________________.’
In many diagrams, DNA molecules are straightened so that the structure can be seen better.
The long DNA molecule is made of millions of smaller molecules called
Nucleotides. There are 4 Nucleotides in DNA:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________.
A. The sides of the ladder are made of an _________________ column of ________________ molecules and
___________ molecules (called molecules __________________)
The phosphate/sugar molecule column ________________________ the internal _________________
The _____________ molecule make up _________ of a ___________.
The __________________ of the DNA ladder are made up of _____ different _____________________molecules.
These ______ different Nitrogen Bases are identified in a DNA code as…
A for ____________
T for ____________
C for ______________
G for _____________
These inside ____________________ make up the ‘_______________________ and is the part of the DNA molecule
that is used by cell _______________ as their ____________________.
The nitrogen bases in the rungs of the DNA ladder make up the other ___of a single _____________.
Complimentary Base Pairing
The Genetic code has a ____________________________.
The genetic code’s _____________ half is called the ____________________________.
Because of their molecular shape, each nitrogen base pair will ONLY pair up with another pair.
The Complimentary Base Pairing Rule is…
1. Guanine ALWAYS compliments with ___________
2. Adenine ALWAYS compliments with ___________
DNA’s Complimentary Base Pairing is used to…
1. Replicate (____________) the whole DNA molecule into 2 new DNA molecules—called __________________
2. To create _______________________ called _________ that will be used by the actual _________________—this
is called ___________________________ Note; RNA codes use a 5th unique nucleotide Uracil__________, (U)
3. To ____________________________ that may have appeared during the DNA replication process
Genetic code:
ATT GAT CCG TGA
Complimentary pairing: _________________
Genetic Code:
TGA CGC ATT CAT
Complimentary pairing: _________________
 How DNA is organized
A single human DNA molecule contains all the information needed for cells to create, maintain, and keep a human
body alive—like an instruction manual.
BUT, a cell does NOT need the entire DNA code just to do a single job, like make new hair—just the codes used to
make the new hair.
 DNA’s structure
So, the DNA itself is divided into organized sections, or “chapters” for organization reasons, like a textbook.
The codes from 1 Human DNA are divided into 46 ‘chapters’ called Chromosomes.
 DNA’s structure
Physically, a chromosome is a protein fiber with a large section of DNA wrapped around it.
The protein fiber protects the DNA codes wrapped around it.
Chromosomes are found in a cell’s nucleus
Because of Complimentary Base Pairing, ALL chromosomes have a matching half.
In human cells, the DNA is divided up into 46 chromosomes, or 32 pairs of chromosomes.
 Chromosome Count by species
Human DNA has 46 chromosomes
Monkey DNA is 42 chromosomes
Dog DNA has 76 chromosomes
Fruit Fly DNA has 8 chromosomes
Potato DNA has 48 chromosomes
A fern as 1260 chromosomes
 Karyotypes
A Genetic researcher can use a computer program that will organize a DNA’s chromosomes, and their matching
halves in order.
This is called a Karyotype.
A Karyotype can be used to spot problems in the DNA, and identify the gender of the DNA donor
Genetic disorders like, Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Turner’s Syndrome can be spotted early by
looking at the Karyotype
 Karyotypes Male = normal
 Karyotypes Female = normal
 Are these karyotypes normal???
 DNA’s structure
Each chromosome is divided into thousands of small sections called Genes.
Each Gene contains the nitrogen-base codes needed to complete 1 job.
Examples of Genes:
1. Directions to make a certain pigment in hair.
2. Directions to make the base color of eyes.
3. A gene that causes the body to develop baldness
Thanks to the Human Genome project, Geneticists know which chromosome contains which gene.
For example, genes that control your appetite are found on Chromosome #3.
 What are Codons?
The nucleotides used in a gene are divided up into a set of 3 nucleotides called a Codon.
Each codon from a gene is read by a cell or ribosome as 1 single step to follow.
For example, the first codon of a gene tells the ribosome what to start making (like a title page)
Each codon after that tells the cell or ribosome each step to follow to complete the job.
The final codon tells the cell/ribosome that the job is complete.
(called a Stop Codon)
DNA from a virus does NOT have any Stop Codons