Download Study Guide

Study Guide
Cell Division and Growth
Limits to Cell Growth

DNA “overload” as cell grows, more demand is placed on DNA

Exchanging materials as cell grows, exchange of materials across
membrane is harder because food and oxygen is being used quicker

Ratio of surface area to volume volume increases 100 times faster than
the surface area
The Cell Cycle- series of events a cell goes through to grow and divide; creating an
exact replica of parent cell; occurs when cell has reached it’s full growth when
growth and/or repair is necessary
In prokaryotic cells- (unicellular organisms) binary fission
In eukaryotic cells- (multicellular organisms)
Structure of a chromosome made of DNA molecules, when tightly condensed looks like
an “X” (chromatids attached by a centromere)
(know correct order, what happens at each step and how to identify pictures/slides)
Interphase (Cell Growth) cell grows, duplicates organelles, and copies DNA
G1 cell growth
S phase DNA replicates
G2 prepares for mitosis
Mitosis (Cell Division) visible chromosomes
Prophase chromosomes visible
Metaphase chromosomes line up at equator
M phase
Anaphasechromosomes split at centromere;chromatids move toward poles
Telophase nuclear envelope forms; cleavage begins
Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm; daughter cells formed

Checkpoints- kinases (CDK) and cylcins-proteins that control the cell cycle
from moving from one stage to the next
Controlling Cell Division

Cell cycle regulators internal and external factors, contact with other cells

Cancer uncontrolled cell division
o
Malignant tumors cancerous, can spread throughout body
o
Benign tumors non cancerous, can be removed through surgery, does not
spread
Levels of organization celltissueorganorgan systemorganism
Cell Specialization perform specific functions (example-blood cells carry gases and
nutrients)
Stem cells have the ability to divide and renew themselves, capacity to differentiate,
develop into specialized cell types
adult hard to isolate and grow vs embryonic are pluripotent and can be grown
indefinitely in culture
pluripotent can grow into any cell type except totipotent (from embryonic stem
cell)
Mulipotent can grow into cells of a closely related family (from adult stem cell)
Totipotent can grow into any other type of cell (fertilized egg from a new
organism)
made of 2 chromatids connected by a centromere
A-G1
B-S phase
C-G2
D-cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
A-anaphase
B-prophase
C-metaphase
D-telophase
Look over your notes and EW questions!!!!!!