The transcription factors Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 play a
... period, provides redundant functions and thereby rescues V3 neurons (Pabst et al., 2003). Thus, the individual phenotypes of single Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 mutant mice suggest that the two genes have overlapping roles in neuronal patterning of the ventral spinal cord. In order to clarify the extent of sha ...
... period, provides redundant functions and thereby rescues V3 neurons (Pabst et al., 2003). Thus, the individual phenotypes of single Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 mutant mice suggest that the two genes have overlapping roles in neuronal patterning of the ventral spinal cord. In order to clarify the extent of sha ...
Plant hormones and growth regulators
... which bind Ca2+. It follows that low [Ca2+]e should make the cell wall more pliable and easily ruptured, whereas high concentrations should rigidify the wall and make it less plastic. It had become apparent in the mid to late fifties that modifying the [Ca2+]e produced a pronounced effect on cell gr ...
... which bind Ca2+. It follows that low [Ca2+]e should make the cell wall more pliable and easily ruptured, whereas high concentrations should rigidify the wall and make it less plastic. It had become apparent in the mid to late fifties that modifying the [Ca2+]e produced a pronounced effect on cell gr ...
Induction and Fixation of Polarity -Early Steps in Plant Morphogenesis
... Specific and complex forms of plants and animals emerge from simple, very often symmetric, origins. This process includes a chain of basic events whereby two poles develop along an originally more or less homogeneous axis. Since the eighteenth century such phenomena are referred to by the term “pola ...
... Specific and complex forms of plants and animals emerge from simple, very often symmetric, origins. This process includes a chain of basic events whereby two poles develop along an originally more or less homogeneous axis. Since the eighteenth century such phenomena are referred to by the term “pola ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
... when and where lateral roots are initiated have a high degree of plasticity, integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic levels of control. Environmental factors, such as water, nutrients, and temperature have significant influences on the root architecture (Dubrovsky and Rost, 2003). The most importan ...
- Gastroenterology
... assumed because trypsin mutations are the most common autosomal-dominant changes associated with pancreatitis.1–3 In the absence of enterokinase in the pancreas, other mechanisms must be operative through which a premature and intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen can be initiated. One of the be ...
... assumed because trypsin mutations are the most common autosomal-dominant changes associated with pancreatitis.1–3 In the absence of enterokinase in the pancreas, other mechanisms must be operative through which a premature and intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen can be initiated. One of the be ...
Investigations on Mitochondrial Pleomorphy and
... Figure 2.2 Criteria for classifying a sustained interaction........................................................... 25 Figure 3.1 Effects of light, dark and sugar on mitochondria length.. .......................................... 29 Figure 3.2 Morphological transition of small to giant mitochond ...
... Figure 2.2 Criteria for classifying a sustained interaction........................................................... 25 Figure 3.1 Effects of light, dark and sugar on mitochondria length.. .......................................... 29 Figure 3.2 Morphological transition of small to giant mitochond ...
Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and cardiovascular disease
... interventions or molecular processes related to mitochondrial fusion and linked with an improved cardiovascular function (green zone). ...
... interventions or molecular processes related to mitochondrial fusion and linked with an improved cardiovascular function (green zone). ...
Achilles` heel of Grapevine Downy Mildew
... of resistant grapevine cultivars based on single resistance loci within the grapevine genome is an alternative strategy. However, due to the variability of Downy Mildew, these cultivars are not stably resistant and get already infected within one season. These limitations show that new strategies ar ...
... of resistant grapevine cultivars based on single resistance loci within the grapevine genome is an alternative strategy. However, due to the variability of Downy Mildew, these cultivars are not stably resistant and get already infected within one season. These limitations show that new strategies ar ...
Direct Interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO Is Essential
... at a concentration of 100 nM, which is known to induce apoptosis in a number of different cell types. After 24-h incubation, the clear morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis were observed. Taxol-treated cells became rounded and detached from the substratum of the flask, followed by cellul ...
... at a concentration of 100 nM, which is known to induce apoptosis in a number of different cell types. After 24-h incubation, the clear morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis were observed. Taxol-treated cells became rounded and detached from the substratum of the flask, followed by cellul ...
Decision making by p53: life, death and cancer
... response to various types of stress, p53 becomes activated; this is reflected in elevated protein levels, as well as augmented biochemical capabilities. As a consequence of p53 activation, cells can undergo marked phenotypic changes, ranging from increased DNA repair to senescence and apoptosis. Thi ...
... response to various types of stress, p53 becomes activated; this is reflected in elevated protein levels, as well as augmented biochemical capabilities. As a consequence of p53 activation, cells can undergo marked phenotypic changes, ranging from increased DNA repair to senescence and apoptosis. Thi ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... Apparently, microtubules support two separate developmental pathways in trichomes, but little is known about the associated molecular components. In this study, we use the phenotype of tor2 trichomes to better understand the apparently separate branching and cell elongation functions of microtubules ...
... Apparently, microtubules support two separate developmental pathways in trichomes, but little is known about the associated molecular components. In this study, we use the phenotype of tor2 trichomes to better understand the apparently separate branching and cell elongation functions of microtubules ...
as Hotspot Ca 2+ Signaling Units
... regulate many different cellular functions, including gene expression, cellular contraction, secretion, synaptic transmission, metabolism, differentiation and proliferation, as well as cell death. The universality of Ca2+-based signaling depends on its enormous versatility in terms of amplitude, dur ...
... regulate many different cellular functions, including gene expression, cellular contraction, secretion, synaptic transmission, metabolism, differentiation and proliferation, as well as cell death. The universality of Ca2+-based signaling depends on its enormous versatility in terms of amplitude, dur ...
Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence
... both of some ethylene-sensitive plants (Ipomoea; Petunia) and of an ethylene-insensitive plant (Argyranthemum). Other organelles also disappear and the volume of cytoplasm becomes very low, leaving only a small strip next to the cell wall. At least some mitochondria, and in carnation some plastids, ...
... both of some ethylene-sensitive plants (Ipomoea; Petunia) and of an ethylene-insensitive plant (Argyranthemum). Other organelles also disappear and the volume of cytoplasm becomes very low, leaving only a small strip next to the cell wall. At least some mitochondria, and in carnation some plastids, ...
Formation and excretion of autophagic plastids (plastolysomes) in
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... in Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling has been growing in recent years. This work has evaluated the potential participation of non-green plastids and chloroplasts in the plant Ca2+ signalling network using heterotrophic and autotrophic cell suspension cultures from Arabidopsis thaliana plant lines stab ...
... in Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling has been growing in recent years. This work has evaluated the potential participation of non-green plastids and chloroplasts in the plant Ca2+ signalling network using heterotrophic and autotrophic cell suspension cultures from Arabidopsis thaliana plant lines stab ...
Erythropoietin critically regulates the terminal
... Primitive erythroblasts normally undergo semi-synchronous maturation characterized by reduced cell size, nuclear condensation, decreased RNA content, and organelle loss.2,3 We utilized imaging flow cytometry to quantify these cellular features as primitive erythroblasts mature over developmental tim ...
... Primitive erythroblasts normally undergo semi-synchronous maturation characterized by reduced cell size, nuclear condensation, decreased RNA content, and organelle loss.2,3 We utilized imaging flow cytometry to quantify these cellular features as primitive erythroblasts mature over developmental tim ...
Mechanisms for the Carcinostatic Activity of Se
... DMBA-induced mammary tumor animal model12 and the dimethylhydrazine, DMH-induced colonic tumor animal model13, but also in the N-methyl-N-nitrosurea, NMNU-induced mammary cancer animal model14 and the azaserine, AS-induced liver cancer animal model15. How do all these many selenium compounds work to ...
... DMBA-induced mammary tumor animal model12 and the dimethylhydrazine, DMH-induced colonic tumor animal model13, but also in the N-methyl-N-nitrosurea, NMNU-induced mammary cancer animal model14 and the azaserine, AS-induced liver cancer animal model15. How do all these many selenium compounds work to ...
Nuclear Factor-κB Modulates the p53 Response in Neurons
... et al., 2000). Taken together, this evidence implicates DNA damage as one key initiator of neuronal death. However, the mechanism or mechanisms that regulate this death are not fully understood. Neuronal death is controlled by a complex series of events, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apo ...
... et al., 2000). Taken together, this evidence implicates DNA damage as one key initiator of neuronal death. However, the mechanism or mechanisms that regulate this death are not fully understood. Neuronal death is controlled by a complex series of events, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apo ...
7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... past 50 years or so. Virtually, all the seminal ideas about wall construction originated in the electron microscopic era when the field divided between those who believed that layers of cellulose microfibrils were organized entirely by self-assembly principles (and may or may not be subsequently rea ...
... past 50 years or so. Virtually, all the seminal ideas about wall construction originated in the electron microscopic era when the field divided between those who believed that layers of cellulose microfibrils were organized entirely by self-assembly principles (and may or may not be subsequently rea ...
A GH3-like Domain in Reaper Is Required for Mitochondrial
... Downloaded from www.jbc.org at Yale University on December 17, 2008 ...
... Downloaded from www.jbc.org at Yale University on December 17, 2008 ...
The Aspergillus fumigatus cspA Gene Encoding a Repeat
... pathogen and the major causative agent of invasive aspergillosis, a life-threatening disease primarily affecting immunocompromised patients (12, 16, 38). Molecular analyses have revealed numerous virulence attributes that enable A. fumigatus to infect the human host, including the production of toxi ...
... pathogen and the major causative agent of invasive aspergillosis, a life-threatening disease primarily affecting immunocompromised patients (12, 16, 38). Molecular analyses have revealed numerous virulence attributes that enable A. fumigatus to infect the human host, including the production of toxi ...
Cytokinins regulate vascular morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis
... expression patterns ........................................................ 41 1.8 Vascular phenotypes of the CRE-family mutants correlate with their cytokinin responses ................................................. 41 1.8.1 CRE-family triple mutant is completely resistant to cytokinins ..... 4 ...
... expression patterns ........................................................ 41 1.8 Vascular phenotypes of the CRE-family mutants correlate with their cytokinin responses ................................................. 41 1.8.1 CRE-family triple mutant is completely resistant to cytokinins ..... 4 ...
Stepwise Activation of BAX and BAK by tBID, BIM, and PUMA
... and Youle, 1997; Nechushtan et al., 1999). Thus, anti-6A7 antibody could only immunoprecipitate BAX from cells following DNA damage, but not from viable cells using CHAPS buffer (Figure 1E). It was reported that NP-40 and Triton X-100, but not CHAPS, could induce the conformational changes of BAX (H ...
... and Youle, 1997; Nechushtan et al., 1999). Thus, anti-6A7 antibody could only immunoprecipitate BAX from cells following DNA damage, but not from viable cells using CHAPS buffer (Figure 1E). It was reported that NP-40 and Triton X-100, but not CHAPS, could induce the conformational changes of BAX (H ...
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engulfed by double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosomes or vacuoles for breakdown and t ...
... and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engulfed by double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosomes or vacuoles for breakdown and t ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.