Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
Mitochondrial pleomorphy in plant cells is driven
... The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the seat of the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation reactions and responds to fluctuating ATP/ADP levels. The relative arrangements of mitochondrial cristae and matrix change under different conditions as well. There are two general ...
... The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the seat of the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation reactions and responds to fluctuating ATP/ADP levels. The relative arrangements of mitochondrial cristae and matrix change under different conditions as well. There are two general ...
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages
... complementary fashion, macrophages overexpressing Dizzy are vastly extended and form very long protrusions. These cell shape changes depend on the function of the small GTPase Rap1: in rap1 mutants, Dizzy is unable to induce the large protrusions. Furthermore, forced expression of a dominant-active ...
... complementary fashion, macrophages overexpressing Dizzy are vastly extended and form very long protrusions. These cell shape changes depend on the function of the small GTPase Rap1: in rap1 mutants, Dizzy is unable to induce the large protrusions. Furthermore, forced expression of a dominant-active ...
OPTIMISATION OF CHO CELL GROWTH AND
... linoleic acid, was able to restore cell growth in low BSA (1 mg/ml) cultures. However, JFN-y production was significantly reduced and the extent of IFN-y glycosylation also changed. These effects were related to: (1) BSA concentration, (2) BSA type, and ultimately, (3) lipid composition of the cultu ...
... linoleic acid, was able to restore cell growth in low BSA (1 mg/ml) cultures. However, JFN-y production was significantly reduced and the extent of IFN-y glycosylation also changed. These effects were related to: (1) BSA concentration, (2) BSA type, and ultimately, (3) lipid composition of the cultu ...
Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on motoneuron survival
... transection of the facial nerve in newborn rats can be prevented by local ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration. CNTF differs distinctly from known neurotrophic molecules such as NGF, BDNF and NT-3 in both its molecular characteristics (CNTF is a cytosolic rather than a secretory molecul ...
... transection of the facial nerve in newborn rats can be prevented by local ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration. CNTF differs distinctly from known neurotrophic molecules such as NGF, BDNF and NT-3 in both its molecular characteristics (CNTF is a cytosolic rather than a secretory molecul ...
CELL WALLS OF GROWING PLANT CELLS
... cellulose microfibrils, cross-linked by xyloglucan and dispersed in a pectin matrix. It has been suggested that in the wall of growing plant cells, xyloglucan is bound to the rigid cellulose microfibrils by hydrogen bonds and holds the microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is ref ...
... cellulose microfibrils, cross-linked by xyloglucan and dispersed in a pectin matrix. It has been suggested that in the wall of growing plant cells, xyloglucan is bound to the rigid cellulose microfibrils by hydrogen bonds and holds the microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is ref ...
The Differential Degradation of Two Cytosolic Proteins As a Tool to
... Fed male Wistar rats (200 g) were anesthetized and the liver was perfused with collagenase through the portal vein according to Beynen et al. (1979). The hepatocytes (wet weight 7.5 g total) were recovered and diluted 10 times in Krvbs-Ringer containing 1 nM glucagon (Novo Biolab, Cambridge, UK) and ...
... Fed male Wistar rats (200 g) were anesthetized and the liver was perfused with collagenase through the portal vein according to Beynen et al. (1979). The hepatocytes (wet weight 7.5 g total) were recovered and diluted 10 times in Krvbs-Ringer containing 1 nM glucagon (Novo Biolab, Cambridge, UK) and ...
Identification of a Novel Gene, CIA6, Required for
... Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that allows the alga to grow at low CO2 concentrations. One common feature seen in photosynthetic organisms possessing a CCM is the tight packaging of Rubisco within the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to th ...
... Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that allows the alga to grow at low CO2 concentrations. One common feature seen in photosynthetic organisms possessing a CCM is the tight packaging of Rubisco within the cell. In many eukaryotic algae, Rubisco is localized to th ...
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
Formation of Persisting Cell Wall Deficient Forms of Mycobacterium
... cacodylate buffer supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) MgSO4 and 4.5% (w/v) sucrose, pH 7.2, and fixed in 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in the same buffer for 2 h at 4°C. After washing with the same buffer, the macrophages were post-fixed in 1 % (w/v) OsO4 in 0.1 M symm-kollidin buffer (Fluka), pH 7.2, for 2 h ...
... cacodylate buffer supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) MgSO4 and 4.5% (w/v) sucrose, pH 7.2, and fixed in 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in the same buffer for 2 h at 4°C. After washing with the same buffer, the macrophages were post-fixed in 1 % (w/v) OsO4 in 0.1 M symm-kollidin buffer (Fluka), pH 7.2, for 2 h ...
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Expression of NGF and the Low
... graded ethanol solutions, and reacted for 45 min with 0.3O41hydrogen peroxide in methanol to inactivate endogenous peroxidases. Nonspecific staining was inhibited by preincubating the sections for 2 hr in a solution containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2.5% horse serum, and 2.5% rat serum. Pr ...
... graded ethanol solutions, and reacted for 45 min with 0.3O41hydrogen peroxide in methanol to inactivate endogenous peroxidases. Nonspecific staining was inhibited by preincubating the sections for 2 hr in a solution containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2.5% horse serum, and 2.5% rat serum. Pr ...
Response of Mitochondrial Traffic to Axon Determination and
... and a Hamamatsu (Hamamatsu City, Japan) enhanced CCD camera or a Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) TE300 inverted microscope and a Hamamatsu cooled CCD camera. In either case, image acquisition was controlled via Metamorph software (Universal Imaging, West Chester, PA). For experiments using the cooled CCD camer ...
... and a Hamamatsu (Hamamatsu City, Japan) enhanced CCD camera or a Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) TE300 inverted microscope and a Hamamatsu cooled CCD camera. In either case, image acquisition was controlled via Metamorph software (Universal Imaging, West Chester, PA). For experiments using the cooled CCD camer ...
Daughter-Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Cell Size Control
... obvious in mother cells. In part this is because mother cells are almost always born larger than daughters [3], but it has also been shown that daughters are slower to pass Start than mothers even when both are made equally large (greater than normal mother or daughter size) [19]. This finding sugge ...
... obvious in mother cells. In part this is because mother cells are almost always born larger than daughters [3], but it has also been shown that daughters are slower to pass Start than mothers even when both are made equally large (greater than normal mother or daughter size) [19]. This finding sugge ...
Apoptotic and Epigenetic Induction of Embryo Failure Following
... characterize the factors that lead to SCNT failures by examining epigenetic and apoptotic pathways that can negatively influence the development of cloned preimplantation embryos. Aberrant genome reprogramming is generally considered to be a key factor in the failure of SCNT embryo development. Ther ...
... characterize the factors that lead to SCNT failures by examining epigenetic and apoptotic pathways that can negatively influence the development of cloned preimplantation embryos. Aberrant genome reprogramming is generally considered to be a key factor in the failure of SCNT embryo development. Ther ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals
... (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of OPA1 leads to fragmentation of the mitochondrial network (Chen and Chan, unpublished results, 2003; Olichon et al., 2003). However, overexpression of OPA1 also changes the normally tubular network of mitochondria into small spheres (Misaka et al., 2002). This phenotype c ...
... (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of OPA1 leads to fragmentation of the mitochondrial network (Chen and Chan, unpublished results, 2003; Olichon et al., 2003). However, overexpression of OPA1 also changes the normally tubular network of mitochondria into small spheres (Misaka et al., 2002). This phenotype c ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... mainly through endocytosis. The capture of extra cellular material and integral membrane proteins occurs through specific endocytic mechanisms according to the nature of the cargo. Prominent examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated ...
... mainly through endocytosis. The capture of extra cellular material and integral membrane proteins occurs through specific endocytic mechanisms according to the nature of the cargo. Prominent examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated ...
Sirtuins at a Glance - Journal of Cell Science
... that SIRT1 triggers a switch from HIF2 to HIF1 activation to coordinate metabolism, vascular formation and hypoxic stress responses (Lim et al., 2010). SIRT1 is also involved in the transmission of the heat shock response through the heat shock factor protein1 (HSF1) (Westerheide et al., 2009). Up ...
... that SIRT1 triggers a switch from HIF2 to HIF1 activation to coordinate metabolism, vascular formation and hypoxic stress responses (Lim et al., 2010). SIRT1 is also involved in the transmission of the heat shock response through the heat shock factor protein1 (HSF1) (Westerheide et al., 2009). Up ...
Effects of Ammonia and Lactate on Hybridoma Growth, Metabolism
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
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... before and after deformation, was difficult to extract precisely from the marker data. One of the few exceptions, in which the spatio-temporal pattern of tissue deformation characteristics was quantitatively analyzed, is the study by Marcon et al. (2011). The authors constructed a tissue deformatio ...
... before and after deformation, was difficult to extract precisely from the marker data. One of the few exceptions, in which the spatio-temporal pattern of tissue deformation characteristics was quantitatively analyzed, is the study by Marcon et al. (2011). The authors constructed a tissue deformatio ...
The mitochondrial compartment - Plant Mitochondrial dynamics
... Boyle et al., 1999), are involved in the dimerization of the F1F0-ATPase and cristae biogenesis and morphology (Paumard et al., 2002). However, although these subunits are conserved between yeast and mammals there are no significant homologues in Arabidopsis. In S. cerevisiae, absence of either subu ...
... Boyle et al., 1999), are involved in the dimerization of the F1F0-ATPase and cristae biogenesis and morphology (Paumard et al., 2002). However, although these subunits are conserved between yeast and mammals there are no significant homologues in Arabidopsis. In S. cerevisiae, absence of either subu ...
Actin Interacting Protein1 and Actin Depolymerizing
... sequence upstream of the AIP1 start codon and a region downstream of the stop codon as targeting arms for homologous recombination (Figure 2A). We transformed this construct into protoplasts from a variety of different moss lines and selected for stable integrants. We confirmed proper targeting of t ...
... sequence upstream of the AIP1 start codon and a region downstream of the stop codon as targeting arms for homologous recombination (Figure 2A). We transformed this construct into protoplasts from a variety of different moss lines and selected for stable integrants. We confirmed proper targeting of t ...
The versatility of mitochondrial calcium signals: From stimulation of
... ∼ 0.3 mM and rapidly emptying after agonist stimulation) [16], the rapid equilibration of cytosolic and nuclear [Ca2+] [17], and the estimates of resting and stimulated [Ca2+]c under the plasma membrane, which is well above those of the bulk cytosol [18]. The present review focuses on mitochondria, ...
... ∼ 0.3 mM and rapidly emptying after agonist stimulation) [16], the rapid equilibration of cytosolic and nuclear [Ca2+] [17], and the estimates of resting and stimulated [Ca2+]c under the plasma membrane, which is well above those of the bulk cytosol [18]. The present review focuses on mitochondria, ...
Acetylation of Polysaccharides in Plant Cell Wall
... (RWA) gene family was characterised by suppression of the two clades RWA-AB, and RWA-CD (Paper IV). Both clades were shown to be involved in xylan acetylation in the wood. Both clades were therefore suppressed under control of xylem specific promoter pGT43B to improve wood saccharification potential ...
... (RWA) gene family was characterised by suppression of the two clades RWA-AB, and RWA-CD (Paper IV). Both clades were shown to be involved in xylan acetylation in the wood. Both clades were therefore suppressed under control of xylem specific promoter pGT43B to improve wood saccharification potential ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.