Human ligaments classification: a new proposal
... ligaments of the eleventh and twelfth ribs are rudimentary, while the oblique chord may be duplicated or even absent). Furthermore, there are numerous bundles of connective tissue (ligaments) not listed in Nomina Anatomica [19]. We consider that it is more convenient to record the total number of mo ...
... ligaments of the eleventh and twelfth ribs are rudimentary, while the oblique chord may be duplicated or even absent). Furthermore, there are numerous bundles of connective tissue (ligaments) not listed in Nomina Anatomica [19]. We consider that it is more convenient to record the total number of mo ...
Human ligaments classification: a new proposal
... ligaments of the eleventh and twelfth ribs are rudimentary, while the oblique chord may be duplicated or even absent). Furthermore, there are numerous bundles of connective tissue (ligaments) not listed in Nomina Anatomica [19]. We consider that it is more convenient to record the total number of mo ...
... ligaments of the eleventh and twelfth ribs are rudimentary, while the oblique chord may be duplicated or even absent). Furthermore, there are numerous bundles of connective tissue (ligaments) not listed in Nomina Anatomica [19]. We consider that it is more convenient to record the total number of mo ...
Vitreous Anatomy and Pathology
... and chemical composition of these structures may account for, among other phenomena, the frequency with which abnormal cell proliferation arises from or near the optic disc in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and premacular membranes with macular pucker. The vitreous is known to be most firmly att ...
... and chemical composition of these structures may account for, among other phenomena, the frequency with which abnormal cell proliferation arises from or near the optic disc in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and premacular membranes with macular pucker. The vitreous is known to be most firmly att ...
PDF - Blood Journal
... The platelet ␣IIb3 complex is a member of the integrin family of receptors, each of which is composed of an ␣ and a  subunit derived from separate genes. ␣IIb3 is important in platelet function, and both qualitative and quantitative disorders of ␣IIb3 result in the bleeding disorder Glanzmann th ...
... The platelet ␣IIb3 complex is a member of the integrin family of receptors, each of which is composed of an ␣ and a  subunit derived from separate genes. ␣IIb3 is important in platelet function, and both qualitative and quantitative disorders of ␣IIb3 result in the bleeding disorder Glanzmann th ...
University of Groningen Polymerization of the bacterial cell division
... orientation of cell wall synthesis changes from parallel to perpendicular to the membrane. This requires FtsI as well as additional peptidoglycan synthetases and -hydrolyases, which can act together in multi-enzyme complex. This complex allows peptidoglycan synthesis according to the three-for-one m ...
... orientation of cell wall synthesis changes from parallel to perpendicular to the membrane. This requires FtsI as well as additional peptidoglycan synthetases and -hydrolyases, which can act together in multi-enzyme complex. This complex allows peptidoglycan synthesis according to the three-for-one m ...
Calcium and Plant Development - Labs
... AmplitUde modulation by the Ca2+ -messenger system involves the interac tion of an agonist with the plasma membrane (PM) and the opening of channels that allow an increase in the rate of Ca2 + influx. The external space is the most common source of Ca2+ from which the ion may enter the cell through ...
... AmplitUde modulation by the Ca2+ -messenger system involves the interac tion of an agonist with the plasma membrane (PM) and the opening of channels that allow an increase in the rate of Ca2 + influx. The external space is the most common source of Ca2+ from which the ion may enter the cell through ...
Endocytosis, Recycling, and Regulated Exocytosis of Glucose
... regulation by physiological demands. Most of our knowledge of the routes and rates of GLUT4 traffic derives from three cellular systems: primary rat adipocytes, cultures of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes, and cultures of rat L6 skeletal muscle cells (as myoblasts and myotubes). In the cultured cells, transie ...
... regulation by physiological demands. Most of our knowledge of the routes and rates of GLUT4 traffic derives from three cellular systems: primary rat adipocytes, cultures of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes, and cultures of rat L6 skeletal muscle cells (as myoblasts and myotubes). In the cultured cells, transie ...
PRH/Hex - Biochemical Journal
... with base pairs in the adjacent minor groove. The loop also makes contacts with the phosphate backbone of DNA [23] (Figure 3). The PRH homeodomain is most similar to that of the haematopoietically expressed Hlx (56 % identity) protein and HOX11 (homeobox 11; 54 % identity), a protein that is misexpr ...
... with base pairs in the adjacent minor groove. The loop also makes contacts with the phosphate backbone of DNA [23] (Figure 3). The PRH homeodomain is most similar to that of the haematopoietically expressed Hlx (56 % identity) protein and HOX11 (homeobox 11; 54 % identity), a protein that is misexpr ...
store-operated calcium channels
... without concomitantly generating IP3 (FIGURE 1A). The sources of the leak are not yet well defined but may include the protein translocon that spans the ER membrane (271, 392). The introduction of fura 2 and related Ca2⫹-sensitive fluorescent dyes by Tsien and colleagues (129) made it possible to de ...
... without concomitantly generating IP3 (FIGURE 1A). The sources of the leak are not yet well defined but may include the protein translocon that spans the ER membrane (271, 392). The introduction of fura 2 and related Ca2⫹-sensitive fluorescent dyes by Tsien and colleagues (129) made it possible to de ...
The cell biology of major histocompatibility complex class
... require either the lectin or ERp57-binding sites to associate with the PLC, and is recruited by means of a poorly defined polypeptide binding site. These findings are hard to reconcile with the ‘molecular glue’ hypothesis. However, a recent report supports such a hypothesis: Del Cid et al. showed th ...
... require either the lectin or ERp57-binding sites to associate with the PLC, and is recruited by means of a poorly defined polypeptide binding site. These findings are hard to reconcile with the ‘molecular glue’ hypothesis. However, a recent report supports such a hypothesis: Del Cid et al. showed th ...
C/EBPα triggers proteasome‐dependent degradation of cdk4 during
... from newborn livers. As can be seen, protein levels of cdk4 are elevated in livers of C/EBPa-knockout mice. Estimation of cdk4 levels as a ratio to b-actin revealed a 5- to 6-fold induction of cdk4 in nuclear extracts from C/EBPa-knockout animals. We next determined whether the difference in nuclear ...
... from newborn livers. As can be seen, protein levels of cdk4 are elevated in livers of C/EBPa-knockout mice. Estimation of cdk4 levels as a ratio to b-actin revealed a 5- to 6-fold induction of cdk4 in nuclear extracts from C/EBPa-knockout animals. We next determined whether the difference in nuclear ...
2004__MORRIS_et_al_Transpor... - Institute of Experimental Botany
... unlikely route for the transmission of a signal molecule involved in the finetuning of growth and development. Nevertheless, significant quantities of IAA occur in phloem sap and it is clear that the total amount of auxin that is delivered by the phloem to sink tissues is considerable. Consequently, ...
... unlikely route for the transmission of a signal molecule involved in the finetuning of growth and development. Nevertheless, significant quantities of IAA occur in phloem sap and it is clear that the total amount of auxin that is delivered by the phloem to sink tissues is considerable. Consequently, ...
Vitreous and Developmental Vitreoretinopathies
... does not appreciably increase during this time but the size of the vitreous does increase with growth, the density of collagen fibrils effectively decreases. This could potentially weaken the collagen network and destabilize the gel. However, since there is active synthesis of HA during this time, t ...
... does not appreciably increase during this time but the size of the vitreous does increase with growth, the density of collagen fibrils effectively decreases. This could potentially weaken the collagen network and destabilize the gel. However, since there is active synthesis of HA during this time, t ...
Auxin: The Growth Hormone - Roberto Cezar | Fisiologista Vegetal
... one that uses indole-3-acetamide (IAM) as an intermediate (see Figure19.6A)—is used by various pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas savastanoi and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This pathway involves the two enzymes tryptophan monooxygenase and IAM hydrolase. The auxins produced by these bacteria of ...
... one that uses indole-3-acetamide (IAM) as an intermediate (see Figure19.6A)—is used by various pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas savastanoi and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This pathway involves the two enzymes tryptophan monooxygenase and IAM hydrolase. The auxins produced by these bacteria of ...
Auxin transport routes in plant development
... maxima or gradients between cells. Besides local biosynthesis and the release of active forms from inactive precursors, the major determinant of differential auxin distribution is its directional transport between cells. This regulated polar auxin transport (PAT) within plant tissues appears to be u ...
... maxima or gradients between cells. Besides local biosynthesis and the release of active forms from inactive precursors, the major determinant of differential auxin distribution is its directional transport between cells. This regulated polar auxin transport (PAT) within plant tissues appears to be u ...
Arabidopsis Formin3 Directs the Formation of Actin
... referred to as group I and group II. Group I formins are characterized by the presence of a signal peptide and a transmembrane domain at its N terminus, which are presumably involved in their targeting to the plasma membrane (PM). No conserved domains were identified beside FH1 and FH2 in group II f ...
... referred to as group I and group II. Group I formins are characterized by the presence of a signal peptide and a transmembrane domain at its N terminus, which are presumably involved in their targeting to the plasma membrane (PM). No conserved domains were identified beside FH1 and FH2 in group II f ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis: Current Views and
... cellulose I. The glucan chain arrangement in cellulose II is antiparallel, and this may take place as a result of chain folding during synthesis as demonstrated in A. xylinum (Kuga et al., 1993). An additional hydrogen bond per glucose residue in cellulose II makes this allomorph as the most thermod ...
... cellulose I. The glucan chain arrangement in cellulose II is antiparallel, and this may take place as a result of chain folding during synthesis as demonstrated in A. xylinum (Kuga et al., 1993). An additional hydrogen bond per glucose residue in cellulose II makes this allomorph as the most thermod ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... The investigation of plant myosin had begun from attempting to elucidate the molecular mechanism of characean cytoplasmic streaming [82]. In 1970–1990, several proteins with ATPase activities had been isolated biochemically and reported as plant myosins (cited in [84]). However, none of these result ...
... The investigation of plant myosin had begun from attempting to elucidate the molecular mechanism of characean cytoplasmic streaming [82]. In 1970–1990, several proteins with ATPase activities had been isolated biochemically and reported as plant myosins (cited in [84]). However, none of these result ...
Potentiation of acid-sensing ion channels by sulfhydryl compounds
... ischemia (55). These results indicate that preventing ASIC activation limits damage, and, therefore, agents that alter ASIC activity may impact acidosis-induced neuronal death following stroke. ASICs also impact migration of malignant glioma cells, suggesting that ASIC activity may also play a role ...
... ischemia (55). These results indicate that preventing ASIC activation limits damage, and, therefore, agents that alter ASIC activity may impact acidosis-induced neuronal death following stroke. ASICs also impact migration of malignant glioma cells, suggesting that ASIC activity may also play a role ...
Comparison of induction during development between Xenopus
... marker gene Xbra was detected at both low and high doses of activin. (B) RT-PCR analyses of animal cap explants treated with various doses of activin (0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml) for 1 hour at 20oC and cultured for 5 hours until sibling embryos reached stage 12 at 20oC. The expression of the organizer ...
... marker gene Xbra was detected at both low and high doses of activin. (B) RT-PCR analyses of animal cap explants treated with various doses of activin (0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml) for 1 hour at 20oC and cultured for 5 hours until sibling embryos reached stage 12 at 20oC. The expression of the organizer ...
Leukocyte lipid bodies — Biogenesis and functions in inflammation
... electron microscopy [59]. The existence of membranous structures within lipid bodies of nonleukocytic cells could also explain how stanniocalcin and its membrane receptor are present at lipid bodies of ovarian steroidogenic cells and adipocytes [60]. Membranes within lipid bodies would account for t ...
... electron microscopy [59]. The existence of membranous structures within lipid bodies of nonleukocytic cells could also explain how stanniocalcin and its membrane receptor are present at lipid bodies of ovarian steroidogenic cells and adipocytes [60]. Membranes within lipid bodies would account for t ...
Human Eosinophils from Transport-Mediated Release of Preformed
... Top, Flow cytometry histogram of intracellular IL-4 in saponin-permeabilized eosinophils, with Alexa-546-labeled anti-IL-4 mAb (dashed line) and nonimmune IgG1 (solid line). No anti-IL-4 staining was detected with nonpermeabilized eosinophils (data not shown). Result is representative of findings fr ...
... Top, Flow cytometry histogram of intracellular IL-4 in saponin-permeabilized eosinophils, with Alexa-546-labeled anti-IL-4 mAb (dashed line) and nonimmune IgG1 (solid line). No anti-IL-4 staining was detected with nonpermeabilized eosinophils (data not shown). Result is representative of findings fr ...
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
... cell membrane (Babudiere and Bietti, 32). These effects result in the liberation of the contents of the cell. Boasson (24) and Babudiere and Bietti (32) found that the cell membrane was intact after lysis and that the swelling of the membrane is not due to a mechanical artifact. As has been previous ...
... cell membrane (Babudiere and Bietti, 32). These effects result in the liberation of the contents of the cell. Boasson (24) and Babudiere and Bietti (32) found that the cell membrane was intact after lysis and that the swelling of the membrane is not due to a mechanical artifact. As has been previous ...
Biological effects of Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) in
... identify and characterise bacterial factors that contribute to infection. S. aureus produces a diverse array of virulence factors, among these Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein, Efb. Efb is one of several fibrinogen-binding proteins produced by S. aureus. Efb is produced in vivo during infect ...
... identify and characterise bacterial factors that contribute to infection. S. aureus produces a diverse array of virulence factors, among these Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein, Efb. Efb is one of several fibrinogen-binding proteins produced by S. aureus. Efb is produced in vivo during infect ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).