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... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
Intracellular control of developmental and regenerative axon growth
... done in non-neuronal cells and its relevance to neurons is unclear. Furthermore, the first generation of genetic models in many cases has been uninformative due to embryonic death of gene-targeted mice, or functional compensation mediated by molecules closely related to those that have been targeted ...
... done in non-neuronal cells and its relevance to neurons is unclear. Furthermore, the first generation of genetic models in many cases has been uninformative due to embryonic death of gene-targeted mice, or functional compensation mediated by molecules closely related to those that have been targeted ...
REVIEWS - Unisciel
... filaments from adjacent sarcomeres28,29. The two Ig domains that are carboxy-terminal to this unique sequence contain a binding site for obscurin, a giant multimodular protein that probably has signalling functions31. The relationship between titin and actin within the Z-line region is not yet clear ...
... filaments from adjacent sarcomeres28,29. The two Ig domains that are carboxy-terminal to this unique sequence contain a binding site for obscurin, a giant multimodular protein that probably has signalling functions31. The relationship between titin and actin within the Z-line region is not yet clear ...
Damage response of XRCC1 at sites of DNA single strand breaks is
... assay, but do not affect cell survival after treatment with MMS (Taylor et al., 2000). The phosphorylation mutant of XRCC1 affects the speed of SSBR as measured by the comet assay (Loizou et al., 2004). Therefore, SSBR contains at least two XRCC1-dependent pathways, including a rapid repair througho ...
... assay, but do not affect cell survival after treatment with MMS (Taylor et al., 2000). The phosphorylation mutant of XRCC1 affects the speed of SSBR as measured by the comet assay (Loizou et al., 2004). Therefore, SSBR contains at least two XRCC1-dependent pathways, including a rapid repair througho ...
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
Apical-basal patterning in Arabidopsis - Development
... along the stem was reduced (Przemeck et al., 1996). The deduced MP protein (Hardtke and Berleth, 1998) is related to a transcription factor, ARF, that binds to auxin-response elements (Ulmasov et al., 1997). These findings raised the ...
... along the stem was reduced (Przemeck et al., 1996). The deduced MP protein (Hardtke and Berleth, 1998) is related to a transcription factor, ARF, that binds to auxin-response elements (Ulmasov et al., 1997). These findings raised the ...
Modelling and treating dysregulated fibrosis in primary open angle
... 2.2.1 Principles of Rebound Tonometry ........................................................................... 56 2.2.2 Protocol for Rebound Tonometry ............................................................................ 56 2.3 Functional assessment using VEP for experiments described in c ...
... 2.2.1 Principles of Rebound Tonometry ........................................................................... 56 2.2.2 Protocol for Rebound Tonometry ............................................................................ 56 2.3 Functional assessment using VEP for experiments described in c ...
Thermogenesis in Muscle
... organs of the butterfly mackerel and billfishes can be attributed to each lineage having independently evolved the heater system. Because of the shared commonancestry in billfishes (Isti0Phoridae, Xiphiidae), variation in structure and function of heater organs can be attributed to adaptive changes ...
... organs of the butterfly mackerel and billfishes can be attributed to each lineage having independently evolved the heater system. Because of the shared commonancestry in billfishes (Isti0Phoridae, Xiphiidae), variation in structure and function of heater organs can be attributed to adaptive changes ...
Lignin biosynthesis in Norway spruce: from a model system to the tree
... study in detail the roles of individual gene family members during developmental and stress-induced lignification, using EST sequencing and real-time RT-PCR. We used, as a model, a Norway spruce tissue culture line that produces extracellular lignin into the culture medium, and showed that lignin po ...
... study in detail the roles of individual gene family members during developmental and stress-induced lignification, using EST sequencing and real-time RT-PCR. We used, as a model, a Norway spruce tissue culture line that produces extracellular lignin into the culture medium, and showed that lignin po ...
Minireview: Lipid Droplets in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
... Tansey and colleagues (37) noted that adipophilin/ADRP protein was increased in the adipose tissue of perilipin knockout mice and that adipophilin/ADRP coated adipocyte lipid droplets in lieu of perilipin. Thus, adipophilin/ ADRP is able to replace perilipin on the lipid droplet surface when perilip ...
... Tansey and colleagues (37) noted that adipophilin/ADRP protein was increased in the adipose tissue of perilipin knockout mice and that adipophilin/ADRP coated adipocyte lipid droplets in lieu of perilipin. Thus, adipophilin/ ADRP is able to replace perilipin on the lipid droplet surface when perilip ...
The role of yolk syncytial layer and blastoderm movements during
... the zebrafish (Danio rerio), have been used since the late 1800s for biological studies. More recently, the zebrafish embryo has come into focus to answer developmental and physiological questions. This was initiated mainly by George Streisinger and colleagues, who began genetic analysis in the zebr ...
... the zebrafish (Danio rerio), have been used since the late 1800s for biological studies. More recently, the zebrafish embryo has come into focus to answer developmental and physiological questions. This was initiated mainly by George Streisinger and colleagues, who began genetic analysis in the zebr ...
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... Fig. 1. Thymus structure. (A)Structure of the thymus. The thymus is an epithelial organ surrounded by a mesenchymal capsule. It can be divided into a central medulla (m) region, which contains medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and an outer cortex (c), which contains cortical thymic epithel ...
... Fig. 1. Thymus structure. (A)Structure of the thymus. The thymus is an epithelial organ surrounded by a mesenchymal capsule. It can be divided into a central medulla (m) region, which contains medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and an outer cortex (c), which contains cortical thymic epithel ...
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by
... EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of inducible negative feedback regulation of the EGFR in mammals. In mammalian cells, four EGFR inducible feedback inhibitors (IFIs), na ...
... EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of inducible negative feedback regulation of the EGFR in mammals. In mammalian cells, four EGFR inducible feedback inhibitors (IFIs), na ...
Arabidopsis VILLIN4 is involved in root hair growth through
... bundles actin filaments in a Ca2+-independent manner, but also severs actin filaments and bundles when Ca2+ is elevated to micromolar levels (Khurana et al., 2010). Loss of function of AtVLN5 sensitizes actin filaments in pollen grains and tubes to latrunculin B, demonstrating that it is a regulator ...
... bundles actin filaments in a Ca2+-independent manner, but also severs actin filaments and bundles when Ca2+ is elevated to micromolar levels (Khurana et al., 2010). Loss of function of AtVLN5 sensitizes actin filaments in pollen grains and tubes to latrunculin B, demonstrating that it is a regulator ...
How autophagy both activates and inhibits cellular
... affects the microenvironment through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP increases immune surveillance of damaged cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. With age or ...
... affects the microenvironment through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP increases immune surveillance of damaged cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. With age or ...
Mechanical motion promotes expression of Prg4
... mice that had run could reflect an increased level of expression from the Prg4 locus and/or increased proliferation of Prg4-expressing cells induced by running. To address the first possibility, we evaluated b-galactosidase expression in GFP-expressing cells by immunocytochemistry (which is more qua ...
... mice that had run could reflect an increased level of expression from the Prg4 locus and/or increased proliferation of Prg4-expressing cells induced by running. To address the first possibility, we evaluated b-galactosidase expression in GFP-expressing cells by immunocytochemistry (which is more qua ...
ภาพนิ่ง 1
... nearly twice as effective at inhibiting stomatal opening at pH6.15, when it is fully protonated and readily taken up by guard cells, as it was at pH8, when it is largely dissociated to the anionic form that does not readily cross ...
... nearly twice as effective at inhibiting stomatal opening at pH6.15, when it is fully protonated and readily taken up by guard cells, as it was at pH8, when it is largely dissociated to the anionic form that does not readily cross ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).