Axonal of Kinesin in the Chain Isoforms
... retinal ganglion, delivery of synapse associated proteins such as GAP-43 and synapsin I to nerve terminals is reduced (Ferreira et al., 1992; Amaratunga et al., ...
... retinal ganglion, delivery of synapse associated proteins such as GAP-43 and synapsin I to nerve terminals is reduced (Ferreira et al., 1992; Amaratunga et al., ...
University of Groningen Polymerization of the bacterial cell division
... schematically depicted in Figure 1A, seems very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence w ...
... schematically depicted in Figure 1A, seems very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence w ...
Calcium and Plant Development - Labs
... AmplitUde modulation by the Ca2+ -messenger system involves the interac tion of an agonist with the plasma membrane (PM) and the opening of channels that allow an increase in the rate of Ca2 + influx. The external space is the most common source of Ca2+ from which the ion may enter the cell through ...
... AmplitUde modulation by the Ca2+ -messenger system involves the interac tion of an agonist with the plasma membrane (PM) and the opening of channels that allow an increase in the rate of Ca2 + influx. The external space is the most common source of Ca2+ from which the ion may enter the cell through ...
Auxin transport routes in plant development
... the release of active forms from inactive precursors, the major determinant of differential auxin distribution is its directional transport between cells. This regulated polar auxin transport (PAT) within plant tissues appears to be unique to auxin, as it has not been detected for any other signalin ...
... the release of active forms from inactive precursors, the major determinant of differential auxin distribution is its directional transport between cells. This regulated polar auxin transport (PAT) within plant tissues appears to be unique to auxin, as it has not been detected for any other signalin ...
two types of titin interactions lead to an asymmetrical sorting of actinin
... be the sole protein interaction that controls the sarcomeric sorting of the molecule. Rather, a second Z-disk-specific binding site could be predicted from these observations, which should be important for the correct assembly of the Z-disk. In this work, we have identified this second sarcomeric bi ...
... be the sole protein interaction that controls the sarcomeric sorting of the molecule. Rather, a second Z-disk-specific binding site could be predicted from these observations, which should be important for the correct assembly of the Z-disk. In this work, we have identified this second sarcomeric bi ...
Calcium Signals from the Vacuole
... across the vacuolar membrane in the range of 0 to −30 mV [2,9] (negative on the cytosolic side [10]) add up to an electrochemical driving force of roughly −100 mV, pushing Ca2+ from the vacuole towards the cytosol. As a result, Ca2+ release from the vacuole into the cytosol is passive and can be med ...
... across the vacuolar membrane in the range of 0 to −30 mV [2,9] (negative on the cytosolic side [10]) add up to an electrochemical driving force of roughly −100 mV, pushing Ca2+ from the vacuole towards the cytosol. As a result, Ca2+ release from the vacuole into the cytosol is passive and can be med ...
Microtubule Reconfiguration during Axonal Retraction Induced by
... The prevailing view is that cytoskeletal elements depolymerize extensively during physiological axonal retraction (Song and Poo, 1999). This view is largely based on pharmacological studies showing that wholesale microtubule depolymerization can indeed cause axons to retract (Yamada et al., 1970; Da ...
... The prevailing view is that cytoskeletal elements depolymerize extensively during physiological axonal retraction (Song and Poo, 1999). This view is largely based on pharmacological studies showing that wholesale microtubule depolymerization can indeed cause axons to retract (Yamada et al., 1970; Da ...
Induction and Fixation of Polarity -Early Steps in Plant Morphogenesis
... animals emerge from simple, very often symmetric, origins. This process includes a chain of basic events whereby two poles develop along an originally more or less homogeneous axis. Since the eighteenth century such phenomena are referred to by the term “polarity”. This concept simply designates the ...
... animals emerge from simple, very often symmetric, origins. This process includes a chain of basic events whereby two poles develop along an originally more or less homogeneous axis. Since the eighteenth century such phenomena are referred to by the term “polarity”. This concept simply designates the ...
NCAM Polypeptides in Heart Development: Association with Z Discs
... Purified membranes from 14-d embryonic chicken hearts (50 ~1 packed volume) were resnspended in 0.5 rnl PBS containing 1 mg/ml anti-12AB or anti-12CD IgG and incubated for 1 h at 4°C with agitation. Membranes were washed with PBS and harvested by two rounds of centrifugation in a microfuge (14,000 r ...
... Purified membranes from 14-d embryonic chicken hearts (50 ~1 packed volume) were resnspended in 0.5 rnl PBS containing 1 mg/ml anti-12AB or anti-12CD IgG and incubated for 1 h at 4°C with agitation. Membranes were washed with PBS and harvested by two rounds of centrifugation in a microfuge (14,000 r ...
PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport: Action, Regulation
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
Downloaded - The Journal of Cell Biology
... least in some cells. However, cadherin–catenin adhesion is not simply glue (for reviews see Yap et al., 1997; Tepass et al., 2001). It must be modulated during development, tissue remodeling, and wound repair. A series of experiments suggest that regulation of adhesion occurs, at least in part, thro ...
... least in some cells. However, cadherin–catenin adhesion is not simply glue (for reviews see Yap et al., 1997; Tepass et al., 2001). It must be modulated during development, tissue remodeling, and wound repair. A series of experiments suggest that regulation of adhesion occurs, at least in part, thro ...
Control of Leaf and Vein Development by Auxin
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
Barley Aleurone Cells Contain Two Types of
... Figures 1B and 1F, they are out of the plane of focus. The characteristics of the barley aleurone protein storage vacuole have been described previously (Jacobsen et al., 1971; Fernandez and Staehelin, 1985; Bush et al., 1986). Protein storage vacuoles are the predominant organelle of barley aleuron ...
... Figures 1B and 1F, they are out of the plane of focus. The characteristics of the barley aleurone protein storage vacuole have been described previously (Jacobsen et al., 1971; Fernandez and Staehelin, 1985; Bush et al., 1986). Protein storage vacuoles are the predominant organelle of barley aleuron ...
Investigations on Mitochondrial Pleomorphy and
... Sui generis: in a class of its own; unique. This phrase was used to describe mitochondria ...
... Sui generis: in a class of its own; unique. This phrase was used to describe mitochondria ...
View - Max-Planck
... The chloroplast is the site of eukaryotic photosynthesis and carbon fixation, coupled processes that convert the energy of light into stored biochemical energy, while exchanging environmental CO2 for O2. As such, the chloroplast both directly and indirectly sustains much of the life on our planet. T ...
... The chloroplast is the site of eukaryotic photosynthesis and carbon fixation, coupled processes that convert the energy of light into stored biochemical energy, while exchanging environmental CO2 for O2. As such, the chloroplast both directly and indirectly sustains much of the life on our planet. T ...
Calcium Oscillations and its Functional Significance in
... changes in cloacal temperature of pigeons under various experimental conditions as to environmental temperature and nutrition1. Further analyses on biological rhythms revealed that ‘a close study of these rhythms should yield vital information concerning the construction of various biochemical react ...
... changes in cloacal temperature of pigeons under various experimental conditions as to environmental temperature and nutrition1. Further analyses on biological rhythms revealed that ‘a close study of these rhythms should yield vital information concerning the construction of various biochemical react ...
Auxin transport – shaping the plant
... form of auxin transport, cell-to-cell polar transport, contrasts with the passive allocation of animal hormones through blood, which is more analogous to non-polar auxin distribution. Several arguments indicate that non-polar transport in phloem contributes to the movement of auxin from its main sou ...
... form of auxin transport, cell-to-cell polar transport, contrasts with the passive allocation of animal hormones through blood, which is more analogous to non-polar auxin distribution. Several arguments indicate that non-polar transport in phloem contributes to the movement of auxin from its main sou ...
Plasma Gelsolin
... added to permeabilized cells exerts effects consistent with a potent inhibition of the production or presentation of PPIs, which uncap actin filament ends and desequester actin monomers required for the actin assembly reaction at the cytoskeleton/membrane interface [39, 40]. As PIP2 inhibits the sev ...
... added to permeabilized cells exerts effects consistent with a potent inhibition of the production or presentation of PPIs, which uncap actin filament ends and desequester actin monomers required for the actin assembly reaction at the cytoskeleton/membrane interface [39, 40]. As PIP2 inhibits the sev ...
Running Head: Superresolution of cortical
... especially in the mpk4 mutant (Fig. 1D; top inset and Fig. S1H), and outperformed WF (Fig. 1D; ...
... especially in the mpk4 mutant (Fig. 1D; top inset and Fig. S1H), and outperformed WF (Fig. 1D; ...
Plant hormones and growth regulators
... Unlike other hormones, cytokinins are found in both plants and animals. They stimulate cell division and often are included in the sterile media used for growing plants from tissue culture. If a medium's mix of growth-regulating compounds is high in cytokinins and low in auxin, the tissue culture ex ...
... Unlike other hormones, cytokinins are found in both plants and animals. They stimulate cell division and often are included in the sterile media used for growing plants from tissue culture. If a medium's mix of growth-regulating compounds is high in cytokinins and low in auxin, the tissue culture ex ...
The Platform Protein Is Essential for Type IV Pilus
... into the inner membrane by the Sec system (19, 20) and then polymerized by the assembly system through the action of a hexameric ATPase (PilB in P. aeruginosa), which undergoes large conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis (21, 22). The resulting mechanical energy is thought to be transferred via ...
... into the inner membrane by the Sec system (19, 20) and then polymerized by the assembly system through the action of a hexameric ATPase (PilB in P. aeruginosa), which undergoes large conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis (21, 22). The resulting mechanical energy is thought to be transferred via ...
PDF
... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
... proposal is that the rapid Golgi movement in plant cells allows the Golgi to continually collect vesicles budding from the ER (the vacuum cleaner model; Boevink et al., 1998). In this view, vesicles are thought to bud out from the ER, so Golgi bodies must continually move to collect them. A second m ...
Engineering and genetic approaches to modulating the
... with cell death and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses resulting from exposure to pathogens (Vanacker et al. 2000) or abiotic stresses (Gomez et al. 2004a). RNS are also important in the plant pathogen responses, and the strong interaction between GSH and NO in signal transduction process, ...
... with cell death and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses resulting from exposure to pathogens (Vanacker et al. 2000) or abiotic stresses (Gomez et al. 2004a). RNS are also important in the plant pathogen responses, and the strong interaction between GSH and NO in signal transduction process, ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑