"VESICLE IN A BASKET" A Morphological Study of
... control the infolding and fissioning mechanism of the membrane . Marshall (11) and Brandt (12) observed that a stimulus such as positively charged protein given to amoeba sets off an active process of pinocytosis by itself . Also, Friend and Farquhar (13) reported that the formation of coated vesicl ...
... control the infolding and fissioning mechanism of the membrane . Marshall (11) and Brandt (12) observed that a stimulus such as positively charged protein given to amoeba sets off an active process of pinocytosis by itself . Also, Friend and Farquhar (13) reported that the formation of coated vesicl ...
The intercalated disc-associated Xin family of proteins in cardiac
... mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channels. Accordingly, defects of ICD components are shown to cause a number of human ...
... mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channels. Accordingly, defects of ICD components are shown to cause a number of human ...
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
Altered & Disordered Physiology - CH 056
... Unconjugated Bilirubin • Bilirubin, bound onto albumin, prior to processing in the liver is often referred to as ‘unconjugated’. • Unconjugated bilirubin, bound onto albumin, is non-toxic and remains in solution for its transportation, in the blood, to the liver for processing. • A small amount, 20 ...
... Unconjugated Bilirubin • Bilirubin, bound onto albumin, prior to processing in the liver is often referred to as ‘unconjugated’. • Unconjugated bilirubin, bound onto albumin, is non-toxic and remains in solution for its transportation, in the blood, to the liver for processing. • A small amount, 20 ...
Contribution of microtubule growth polarity and flux to spindle
... initiate the spindle (Fig. 2F,G). At these initial stages of spindle assembly, the GFP-AtEB1-labelled microtubule plus ends were distributed in the entire spindle area, which suggests massive microtubule growth in this area (Fig. 2F,G,T,U). Within the next 10 minutes, when the spindle acquired its c ...
... initiate the spindle (Fig. 2F,G). At these initial stages of spindle assembly, the GFP-AtEB1-labelled microtubule plus ends were distributed in the entire spindle area, which suggests massive microtubule growth in this area (Fig. 2F,G,T,U). Within the next 10 minutes, when the spindle acquired its c ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics
... localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constriction and scission of the parent into two daughter cells. FtsZ is a GTPase, which can hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate to provide a source of energy. However, it is tho ...
... localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constriction and scission of the parent into two daughter cells. FtsZ is a GTPase, which can hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate to provide a source of energy. However, it is tho ...
Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between
... membranes are indeed one of the most complex and dynamic system within a plant cell. In this review, we present an overview of envelope constituents together with recent insights into the major functions fulfilled by envelope membranes and their dynamics within plant cells. (240 words) ...
... membranes are indeed one of the most complex and dynamic system within a plant cell. In this review, we present an overview of envelope constituents together with recent insights into the major functions fulfilled by envelope membranes and their dynamics within plant cells. (240 words) ...
Ultrastructure of the Epidermal Cell Wall and Cuticle of Tomato Fruit
... local increases of cuticle material since cuticle thickness was not altered in these areas. At anthesis, ...
... local increases of cuticle material since cuticle thickness was not altered in these areas. At anthesis, ...
Evidence for chloroplast control of external Ca -induced
... Stomata control the exchange of gases and H2O between a plant and the atmosphere. In most species, stomatal guard cells contain well-developed chloroplasts, while typical epidermal cells have poorly differentiated plastids. It is usually assumed that guard cell chloroplasts have an important role in ...
... Stomata control the exchange of gases and H2O between a plant and the atmosphere. In most species, stomatal guard cells contain well-developed chloroplasts, while typical epidermal cells have poorly differentiated plastids. It is usually assumed that guard cell chloroplasts have an important role in ...
A Cellular Hypothesis for the Induction of Blossom
... During the intial phase of cell expansion, cells increase the relative volume of their vacuoles (Gillaspy et al., 1993). This results in an increased intracellular Ca demand, because the Ca concentration in the cytoplasm is generally less than that of the vacuole. It has been observed that when Ca m ...
... During the intial phase of cell expansion, cells increase the relative volume of their vacuoles (Gillaspy et al., 1993). This results in an increased intracellular Ca demand, because the Ca concentration in the cytoplasm is generally less than that of the vacuole. It has been observed that when Ca m ...
Achilles` heel of Grapevine Downy Mildew
... characterization of the contractile vacuole, a pivotal organelle of zoospores, collecting incoming water and expelling it again in regular cycles. Without this mechanism zoospores would burst. The results revealed that grapevine leaves which have a lower stomatal density allocation exhibit a lower s ...
... characterization of the contractile vacuole, a pivotal organelle of zoospores, collecting incoming water and expelling it again in regular cycles. Without this mechanism zoospores would burst. The results revealed that grapevine leaves which have a lower stomatal density allocation exhibit a lower s ...
Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... ◀ Figure 3 | ER–mitochondria contacts are important for mitochondrial dynamics. a | Confocal microscopy images showing the mitochondrial division machinery proteins DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1) and MFF (mitochondrial fission factor) in Cos‑7 cells and the yeast division machinery dynamin Dnm1 l ...
... ◀ Figure 3 | ER–mitochondria contacts are important for mitochondrial dynamics. a | Confocal microscopy images showing the mitochondrial division machinery proteins DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1) and MFF (mitochondrial fission factor) in Cos‑7 cells and the yeast division machinery dynamin Dnm1 l ...
The Golgi Apparatus
... 1. Labeling of lysosomal enzymes, in cis area 2. Transport from cis-face toward trans-face, and maturation 3. Sorting and budding, in trans area, as primary lysosomes 4. Fusion with late endosomes or already existing secondary lysosome ...
... 1. Labeling of lysosomal enzymes, in cis area 2. Transport from cis-face toward trans-face, and maturation 3. Sorting and budding, in trans area, as primary lysosomes 4. Fusion with late endosomes or already existing secondary lysosome ...
7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wall fibers. This is consistent with the biophysical explanation that transverse stress, which is twice the longitudinal force in an expanding cylinder, must be resisted by transverse hoop-reinforcement. Thi ...
... Van Iterson (1937) deduced that Tradescantia stamen hairs would have more or less transverse wall fibers. This is consistent with the biophysical explanation that transverse stress, which is twice the longitudinal force in an expanding cylinder, must be resisted by transverse hoop-reinforcement. Thi ...
The contractile apparatus and mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle
... The membrane dense plaques of smooth muscle cells are thought to be similar in their molecular composition to the focal adhesion sites of cultured cells [24]. The primary transmembrane components of these sites are transmembrane integrins, which attach to ECM proteins at one end and to cytoskeletal ...
... The membrane dense plaques of smooth muscle cells are thought to be similar in their molecular composition to the focal adhesion sites of cultured cells [24]. The primary transmembrane components of these sites are transmembrane integrins, which attach to ECM proteins at one end and to cytoskeletal ...
isolation and characterization of the membrane
... The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, ...
... The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, ...
PDF
... determinant Par3/Bazooka (Baz) localizes to adherens junctions in the epidermis of DC-stage embryos, but is lost from the leading edge, in concert with Echinoid (Laplante and Nilson, 2011; McKinley et al., 2012). It has been proposed that it is in fact this loss of Baz that triggers actin assembly a ...
... determinant Par3/Bazooka (Baz) localizes to adherens junctions in the epidermis of DC-stage embryos, but is lost from the leading edge, in concert with Echinoid (Laplante and Nilson, 2011; McKinley et al., 2012). It has been proposed that it is in fact this loss of Baz that triggers actin assembly a ...
Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: 20Łyears later, what is the
... the role of cilia, Kartagener was already thinking in the right direction. He noted in one simple sentence that ‘cystic kidneys, which are often compared with congenital bronchiectasis, have been observed in combination with situs inversus’ [7,10]. At that time nobody was aware that two types of cil ...
... the role of cilia, Kartagener was already thinking in the right direction. He noted in one simple sentence that ‘cystic kidneys, which are often compared with congenital bronchiectasis, have been observed in combination with situs inversus’ [7,10]. At that time nobody was aware that two types of cil ...
Ameba Coloring - Learn District 196
... kingdoms. Some protozoans are considered plant-like while others are considered animal-like. The ameba is considered an animal-like protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have cilia or flagella, but the ameba has an unusual way of creeping alon ...
... kingdoms. Some protozoans are considered plant-like while others are considered animal-like. The ameba is considered an animal-like protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have cilia or flagella, but the ameba has an unusual way of creeping alon ...
Regulation of ryanodine receptors from skeletal and cardiac muscle
... Mg2+.25 It is quite possible that both these regions could form the I-sites via inter-domain interactions between these widely separated sections of the amino acid sequence. The part of the RyR I-sites that encompass the Arg615 residue may also be important for EC coupling. Several lines of evidence ...
... Mg2+.25 It is quite possible that both these regions could form the I-sites via inter-domain interactions between these widely separated sections of the amino acid sequence. The part of the RyR I-sites that encompass the Arg615 residue may also be important for EC coupling. Several lines of evidence ...
The Distribution of Special Cytoplasmic Differentiations of the Egg
... of reference had to be established. It was a lucky circumstance that in nearly all eggs of groups l-10 the pattern of SCA already indicated in my previous paper (1963) was clearly recognizable: on one side of the vegetative pole there were 4 SCA, together occupying about 180” of ...
... of reference had to be established. It was a lucky circumstance that in nearly all eggs of groups l-10 the pattern of SCA already indicated in my previous paper (1963) was clearly recognizable: on one side of the vegetative pole there were 4 SCA, together occupying about 180” of ...
Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral axis determination in
... embryo after injection depends on the relative amount of transplanted wild-type cytoplasm. Thus, twist-expressing patches with diameters between 10 and 50 cells could be produced. Despite their variability in size, the twist-expressing patches are always surrounded by a domain without twist and zen ...
... embryo after injection depends on the relative amount of transplanted wild-type cytoplasm. Thus, twist-expressing patches with diameters between 10 and 50 cells could be produced. Despite their variability in size, the twist-expressing patches are always surrounded by a domain without twist and zen ...
Cellular Physiology of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
... on top of slow wavesof VIII(Fig. 9-3A). In any case,the upstroke or depolarizing phase of the action potential reflects opening of voltage-gatedCa2+channels.The inward Ca2+ current further depolarizes the cell and thereby causesstill more voltage-gatedCa2+channelsto open. Thus, some smooth muscle ce ...
... on top of slow wavesof VIII(Fig. 9-3A). In any case,the upstroke or depolarizing phase of the action potential reflects opening of voltage-gatedCa2+channels.The inward Ca2+ current further depolarizes the cell and thereby causesstill more voltage-gatedCa2+channelsto open. Thus, some smooth muscle ce ...
The cell biology of lignification in higher plants
... coniferyl alcohol and the dimethoxylated sinapyl alcohol which respectively form H- (hydroxyphenyl), G- (guaicyl) and S- (syringyl) units in the lignin polymer. Once these monomers are activated in the cell wall by phenoloxidases, they can displace the radical charge through their conjugated unsatur ...
... coniferyl alcohol and the dimethoxylated sinapyl alcohol which respectively form H- (hydroxyphenyl), G- (guaicyl) and S- (syringyl) units in the lignin polymer. Once these monomers are activated in the cell wall by phenoloxidases, they can displace the radical charge through their conjugated unsatur ...
`Sarcomeres` of smooth muscle - Journal of Cell Science
... followed by an isotonic contraction, the quick length change was accomplished by the rotation of the servo lever to which the muscle was attached, using the step-length-change feature of the apparatus. The change in length occurred 10 seconds before stimulation of the muscle to allow the passive vis ...
... followed by an isotonic contraction, the quick length change was accomplished by the rotation of the servo lever to which the muscle was attached, using the step-length-change feature of the apparatus. The change in length occurred 10 seconds before stimulation of the muscle to allow the passive vis ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑