From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... The actin-like protein MreB is used by many rod-shaped bacteria in their elongation mode of peptidoglycan synthesis. MreB forms filaments29–31 and interacts with the conserved inner-membrane proteins MreC, MreD and RodZ32–36, as well as with the lipid II synthesis enzymes MraY and MurG37. The MreB f ...
... The actin-like protein MreB is used by many rod-shaped bacteria in their elongation mode of peptidoglycan synthesis. MreB forms filaments29–31 and interacts with the conserved inner-membrane proteins MreC, MreD and RodZ32–36, as well as with the lipid II synthesis enzymes MraY and MurG37. The MreB f ...
SB401, a pollen-specific protein from Solanum berthaultii
... development (Zonia et al., 1999). Although it is widely recognized that the movement of organelles in pollen tube cells involves actin, there is evidence that KRPs also participate in this process (Romagnoli et al., 2003). Moreover, MTs may have an important role in the guidance of tip growth, as se ...
... development (Zonia et al., 1999). Although it is widely recognized that the movement of organelles in pollen tube cells involves actin, there is evidence that KRPs also participate in this process (Romagnoli et al., 2003). Moreover, MTs may have an important role in the guidance of tip growth, as se ...
Organelle size control – increasing vacuole
... crucial advantage is that vacuole content is dominated by only few compounds, polyphosphate ( polyP) and the basic amino acids that associate with it (Saito et al., 2005). PolyP is a polymer of up to hundreds of inorganic phosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. It is a storage form of phos ...
... crucial advantage is that vacuole content is dominated by only few compounds, polyphosphate ( polyP) and the basic amino acids that associate with it (Saito et al., 2005). PolyP is a polymer of up to hundreds of inorganic phosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. It is a storage form of phos ...
Effects of Organic Cations on the Gram-negative Cell
... HAPS, which is regarded as the actual lethal agent in the bactericidal system through its presumed effect on the cytoplasmic membrane (see Hotchkiss, 1946; Salton, 1g51), could be replaced by other zwitterionic agents such as betaines, or by cationic quaternary ammonium compounds. Many of the latter ...
... HAPS, which is regarded as the actual lethal agent in the bactericidal system through its presumed effect on the cytoplasmic membrane (see Hotchkiss, 1946; Salton, 1g51), could be replaced by other zwitterionic agents such as betaines, or by cationic quaternary ammonium compounds. Many of the latter ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... cytosolic or an apoplastic invertase in the wild type or AGPase antisense background were used to analyse the effect of invertase activity on cell expansion, starch granule formation and turgor pressure during tuber development. Although the transgenic plants did not develop a visible phenotype in a ...
... cytosolic or an apoplastic invertase in the wild type or AGPase antisense background were used to analyse the effect of invertase activity on cell expansion, starch granule formation and turgor pressure during tuber development. Although the transgenic plants did not develop a visible phenotype in a ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... most eukaryotic microbes. ScVtc4 was identified as the catalytic subunit of the complex (Hothorn et al. 2009), thus explaining the conservation of this subunit in other fungi as well as in protists, which usually have only two of the four subunits present in yeast. Vtc4 also possesses an SPX domain. ...
... most eukaryotic microbes. ScVtc4 was identified as the catalytic subunit of the complex (Hothorn et al. 2009), thus explaining the conservation of this subunit in other fungi as well as in protists, which usually have only two of the four subunits present in yeast. Vtc4 also possesses an SPX domain. ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... most eukaryotic microbes. ScVtc4 was identified as the catalytic subunit of the complex (Hothorn et al. 2009), thus explaining the conservation of this subunit in other fungi as well as in protists, which usually have only two of the four subunits present in yeast. Vtc4 also possesses an SPX domain. ...
... most eukaryotic microbes. ScVtc4 was identified as the catalytic subunit of the complex (Hothorn et al. 2009), thus explaining the conservation of this subunit in other fungi as well as in protists, which usually have only two of the four subunits present in yeast. Vtc4 also possesses an SPX domain. ...
Drosophila embryos close epithelial wounds using a combination of
... closure in Drosophila embryonic epithelium wounds (Wood et al., 2002). To further understand the role of the actomyosin cable, we examined the function of myosin II in vivo and its contribution to the wound repair process. We first monitored the dynamics of myosin II recruitment relative to actin by ...
... closure in Drosophila embryonic epithelium wounds (Wood et al., 2002). To further understand the role of the actomyosin cable, we examined the function of myosin II in vivo and its contribution to the wound repair process. We first monitored the dynamics of myosin II recruitment relative to actin by ...
Practice Test Answer Key
... ____ 13. Plant and animal cells are alike in that they both have a. cell walls. c. cell membranes. b. chloroplasts. d. all of these. ____ 14. One cell part that is found in both an animal cell and a green plant cell, but looks different in one type of cell compared to the other is the a. vacuole. b. ...
... ____ 13. Plant and animal cells are alike in that they both have a. cell walls. c. cell membranes. b. chloroplasts. d. all of these. ____ 14. One cell part that is found in both an animal cell and a green plant cell, but looks different in one type of cell compared to the other is the a. vacuole. b. ...
Dissecting sterol function during clathrin-dependent
... classes of lipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, contribute to the vast diversity of lipids found in eukaryotic membranes. However, how these lipid components regulate the formation of a new membrane during cell division is poorly understood. In this thesis I will first focus on the role ...
... classes of lipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, contribute to the vast diversity of lipids found in eukaryotic membranes. However, how these lipid components regulate the formation of a new membrane during cell division is poorly understood. In this thesis I will first focus on the role ...
Structural Sterols Are Involved in Both the Initiation and Tip Growth
... enzymes (Bach and Benveniste, 1997) have been described. Sterols do not only contribute to the structure of the membranes, but they also influence their physical and physiological properties. Sterols interact with proteins and phospholipid acyl chains of the membrane and thus may restrict their moti ...
... enzymes (Bach and Benveniste, 1997) have been described. Sterols do not only contribute to the structure of the membranes, but they also influence their physical and physiological properties. Sterols interact with proteins and phospholipid acyl chains of the membrane and thus may restrict their moti ...
Microtubules Contribute to Tubule Elongation and
... change their morphology, and others form stable structures. In plants, it has been thought that the ER tubule extension is driven by the actin-myosin machinery. Here, we show that microtubules also contribute to the ER tubule extension with an almost 20-fold slower rate than the actin filament-based ...
... change their morphology, and others form stable structures. In plants, it has been thought that the ER tubule extension is driven by the actin-myosin machinery. Here, we show that microtubules also contribute to the ER tubule extension with an almost 20-fold slower rate than the actin filament-based ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined with antibody labeling results, revealed the distinct possibility of an arabinogalactan ...
... distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined with antibody labeling results, revealed the distinct possibility of an arabinogalactan ...
Mobile Factories: Golgi dynamics in plant cells
... eukaryotic cells. In addition to the trafficking and sorting function imparted on this organelle by its central location, it also functions as an important biosynthetic compartment that modifies proteins and synthesizes polysaccharides and lipids. The Golgi apparatus of most cell types is well known ...
... eukaryotic cells. In addition to the trafficking and sorting function imparted on this organelle by its central location, it also functions as an important biosynthetic compartment that modifies proteins and synthesizes polysaccharides and lipids. The Golgi apparatus of most cell types is well known ...
New insights into root gravitropic signalling
... (Boonsirichai et al., 2003). Much research and speculations have focused on how a physical signal (statolith sedimentation) can be translated into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic ret ...
... (Boonsirichai et al., 2003). Much research and speculations have focused on how a physical signal (statolith sedimentation) can be translated into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic ret ...
Grape berry vacuole: a complex and heterogeneous membrane
... AJEV Papers in Press are peer-reviewed, accepted articles that have not yet been published in a print issue of the journal or edited or formatted, but may be cited by DOI. The final version may contain substantive or nonsubstantive changes. ...
... AJEV Papers in Press are peer-reviewed, accepted articles that have not yet been published in a print issue of the journal or edited or formatted, but may be cited by DOI. The final version may contain substantive or nonsubstantive changes. ...
The Arabidopsis trichome is an active mechanosensory switch
... resonant scanner, was used for most images, but a Nikon A-1 (Nikon Instruments, http://www.nikoninstruments.com) was used to obtain Fig. 1b–d; 20 X oil immersion objective lenses were used. For apo-pHusion, excitation was carried out at 488 nm, and capture was carried out at 500–550 nm for the enhan ...
... resonant scanner, was used for most images, but a Nikon A-1 (Nikon Instruments, http://www.nikoninstruments.com) was used to obtain Fig. 1b–d; 20 X oil immersion objective lenses were used. For apo-pHusion, excitation was carried out at 488 nm, and capture was carried out at 500–550 nm for the enhan ...
1 Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires
... to measure the motility of these mutants in vivo. The significant differences between in vitro and in vivo behavior of the various FRA1 mutants could be due to several possible reasons. Kinesin mutants with positively charged residues introduced in the NL and NCC domains show greater processivity in ...
... to measure the motility of these mutants in vivo. The significant differences between in vitro and in vivo behavior of the various FRA1 mutants could be due to several possible reasons. Kinesin mutants with positively charged residues introduced in the NL and NCC domains show greater processivity in ...
protcell
... that if any party shall succeed in seizing or attaching by any means or otherwise levying execution against any cellular assets attributable to any cell of the company in respect of a liability not attributable to that cell, that party shall hold those assets or their proceeds on trust for the compa ...
... that if any party shall succeed in seizing or attaching by any means or otherwise levying execution against any cellular assets attributable to any cell of the company in respect of a liability not attributable to that cell, that party shall hold those assets or their proceeds on trust for the compa ...
Coordination of microtubule and microfilament dynamics by
... regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism. Although CapuN and CapuC associate in vitro (Fig. 3h), we do not observe any autoinhibitory effect of CapuN on actin nucleation by CapuFH2 (Fig. 4b) or in actin/microtubule crosslinking assays (Fig. 5d) suggesting that this self-association may not have bio ...
... regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism. Although CapuN and CapuC associate in vitro (Fig. 3h), we do not observe any autoinhibitory effect of CapuN on actin nucleation by CapuFH2 (Fig. 4b) or in actin/microtubule crosslinking assays (Fig. 5d) suggesting that this self-association may not have bio ...
Western et al., 2001 - UBC Blogs
... studies with several pectin-specific antibodies (Willats et al., 2001) revealed that there are both an outer, diffuse layer, and an inner, dense capsule of mucilage directly surrounding the seed as shown in Figure 2A. The late differentiation of the integuments of the wild-type ovule into the seed c ...
... studies with several pectin-specific antibodies (Willats et al., 2001) revealed that there are both an outer, diffuse layer, and an inner, dense capsule of mucilage directly surrounding the seed as shown in Figure 2A. The late differentiation of the integuments of the wild-type ovule into the seed c ...
Targeted wild-type and jerker espins reveal a novel, WH2
... out under conditions intended to maintain the actin in monomeric form (Fig. 3E). A similar result was obtained previously for espin 3A and espin 3B (Sekerková et al., 2004). Moreover, deletion of the 17-aa core also reduced the rapid recovery of photobleached GFP--actin observed throughout the leng ...
... out under conditions intended to maintain the actin in monomeric form (Fig. 3E). A similar result was obtained previously for espin 3A and espin 3B (Sekerková et al., 2004). Moreover, deletion of the 17-aa core also reduced the rapid recovery of photobleached GFP--actin observed throughout the leng ...
Neutrophils injure cultured skeletal myotubes
... microscopy were performed on several control cultures (myotubes only) and on cultures containing both neutrophils (nonin vitro-stimulated) and myotubes (E:T ratio of 5). Because of the severity of the neutrophil-mediated myotube injury at E:T ratios greater than five, an E:T ratio of five was used f ...
... microscopy were performed on several control cultures (myotubes only) and on cultures containing both neutrophils (nonin vitro-stimulated) and myotubes (E:T ratio of 5). Because of the severity of the neutrophil-mediated myotube injury at E:T ratios greater than five, an E:T ratio of five was used f ...
Hydrogen peroxide modulates the dynamic microtubule
... decreased resistance to Phytophthora infestans, but not to Colletotrichum orbiculare (Yoshioka et al. 2003; Asai, Ohta & Yoshioka 2008). These findings indicate that the effect of H2O2 on the defence response varies depending on the plant–pathogen interaction. Plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, as well ...
... decreased resistance to Phytophthora infestans, but not to Colletotrichum orbiculare (Yoshioka et al. 2003; Asai, Ohta & Yoshioka 2008). These findings indicate that the effect of H2O2 on the defence response varies depending on the plant–pathogen interaction. Plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, as well ...
Inside A Cell
... Match each definition with its term. _____ 1. the thin layer around the cell that holds the cytoplasm and organelles in place _____ 2. the jelly like substance where molecules are broken down to produce energy _____ 3. a membrane that only allows certain particles to pass through it _____ 4. organic ...
... Match each definition with its term. _____ 1. the thin layer around the cell that holds the cytoplasm and organelles in place _____ 2. the jelly like substance where molecules are broken down to produce energy _____ 3. a membrane that only allows certain particles to pass through it _____ 4. organic ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑