Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle Structure
... increase in intracellular Ca2+. This increase can be caused by nerve stimulation, hormonal stimulation, stretch of the fiber or intrinsic changes in the chemical and electrical environment of the cell. 9Smooth muscle does not contain troponin, so the action by which Ca2+ allows binding of actin by t ...
... increase in intracellular Ca2+. This increase can be caused by nerve stimulation, hormonal stimulation, stretch of the fiber or intrinsic changes in the chemical and electrical environment of the cell. 9Smooth muscle does not contain troponin, so the action by which Ca2+ allows binding of actin by t ...
PDF - Bezanilla Lab
... these studies (113). Two Snf-related genes, Snf1a and Snf1b, have been cloned from P. patens, and the genes have been inactivated, both singly and in combination. Strains in which only one of the genes was inactivated have no obvious phenotype, but the double knockout strain, in which no Snf1-like k ...
... these studies (113). Two Snf-related genes, Snf1a and Snf1b, have been cloned from P. patens, and the genes have been inactivated, both singly and in combination. Strains in which only one of the genes was inactivated have no obvious phenotype, but the double knockout strain, in which no Snf1-like k ...
The Dynamic Changes of Tonoplasts in Guard
... cells. However, TVMs were not observed in the TEM images. The possible reason might be that the TVM structures had been destroyed by the conventional chemical fixation (Ashford and Allaway, 2002). The number of tonoplast foldings and vesicle-like structures in guard cells varied in different stages ...
... cells. However, TVMs were not observed in the TEM images. The possible reason might be that the TVM structures had been destroyed by the conventional chemical fixation (Ashford and Allaway, 2002). The number of tonoplast foldings and vesicle-like structures in guard cells varied in different stages ...
Culm strenth of a rice brittle mutant
... mutants have been genetically identified in rice and mapped onto genetic map as follows: bc1 on chromosome 3, bc2 on chromosome5, bc3 and bc5 on chromosome 2, bc4 on chromosome 6 (Nagato and Yoshimura, 1998), bc5 is a brittle node gene and bc6 is a dominant gene. However, except bc1, the genes assoc ...
... mutants have been genetically identified in rice and mapped onto genetic map as follows: bc1 on chromosome 3, bc2 on chromosome5, bc3 and bc5 on chromosome 2, bc4 on chromosome 6 (Nagato and Yoshimura, 1998), bc5 is a brittle node gene and bc6 is a dominant gene. However, except bc1, the genes assoc ...
Sorting of plant vacuolar proteins is initiated in the ER
... However, although individual expression of SNX1 or SNX2a mutants altered transport of the VSR, vacuolar delivery of soluble cargo was only marginally perturbed (Niemes et al., 2009). This raised the question as to whether retromer function is completely inhibited under these conditions, as it has be ...
... However, although individual expression of SNX1 or SNX2a mutants altered transport of the VSR, vacuolar delivery of soluble cargo was only marginally perturbed (Niemes et al., 2009). This raised the question as to whether retromer function is completely inhibited under these conditions, as it has be ...
Chapter # PLASMA MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY
... is that the reporter group introduces significant changes in lipid conformation and properties and the effect this may have on behaviour is problematic. This is not a factor in radioactive analogues which can be readily incorporated into the membrane by phospholipid transfer proteins but bilayer dyn ...
... is that the reporter group introduces significant changes in lipid conformation and properties and the effect this may have on behaviour is problematic. This is not a factor in radioactive analogues which can be readily incorporated into the membrane by phospholipid transfer proteins but bilayer dyn ...
Development
... suspension) was included in part of the experiments. Two series of completely independent experiments were performed, one at the laboratory in Zürich and the other in Leiden, using comparable methods but with slightly different parameters adapted to local laboratory facilities. The use of high or lo ...
... suspension) was included in part of the experiments. Two series of completely independent experiments were performed, one at the laboratory in Zürich and the other in Leiden, using comparable methods but with slightly different parameters adapted to local laboratory facilities. The use of high or lo ...
Plant tropisms - Semantic Scholar
... relative to an opposing position within that same organ. As most work in the area of tropic response has shown, curvature can only be properly manifested through the coordinated activity of hormones. Small fluctuations in the cellular concentration of hormones can have a drastic effect on whether or ...
... relative to an opposing position within that same organ. As most work in the area of tropic response has shown, curvature can only be properly manifested through the coordinated activity of hormones. Small fluctuations in the cellular concentration of hormones can have a drastic effect on whether or ...
Arrested Differentiation of Proplastids into Chloroplasts in
... Plant Cell Physiol. 50(12): 2069–2083 (2009) doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp127, available online at www.pcp.oxfordjournals.org © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. ...
... Plant Cell Physiol. 50(12): 2069–2083 (2009) doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp127, available online at www.pcp.oxfordjournals.org © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. ...
The Type II Arabidopsis Formin14 Interacts with Microtubules and
... spindle (Figure 3A). In addition, the microfilament band in control cells was thinner than the microtubule band in phragmoplasts (Figure 3B). Interestingly, in cells overexpressing AFH14-GFP, microfilaments codistributed with AFH14-GFP in spindles and phragmoplasts (Figures 3C and 3D). Furthermore, ...
... spindle (Figure 3A). In addition, the microfilament band in control cells was thinner than the microtubule band in phragmoplasts (Figure 3B). Interestingly, in cells overexpressing AFH14-GFP, microfilaments codistributed with AFH14-GFP in spindles and phragmoplasts (Figures 3C and 3D). Furthermore, ...
video slide
... those which are brought into being and perish, and those which are free from these processes throughout all ages. The latter are of the highest worth and are divine… Aristotle 384-322 BC from Parts of Animals ...
... those which are brought into being and perish, and those which are free from these processes throughout all ages. The latter are of the highest worth and are divine… Aristotle 384-322 BC from Parts of Animals ...
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for
... equation can be analytically solved in one direction for gradient generators that have only one non-zero velocity component, i.e. unidirectional flow. By assuming fully developed fluid flow in long microchannels, the steady state N-S equation can be solved along the channel length (in the x- directi ...
... equation can be analytically solved in one direction for gradient generators that have only one non-zero velocity component, i.e. unidirectional flow. By assuming fully developed fluid flow in long microchannels, the steady state N-S equation can be solved along the channel length (in the x- directi ...
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for
... equation can be analytically solved in one direction for gradient generators that have only one non-zero velocity component, i.e. unidirectional flow. By assuming fully developed fluid flow in long microchannels, the steady state N-S equation can be solved along the channel length (in the x- directi ...
... equation can be analytically solved in one direction for gradient generators that have only one non-zero velocity component, i.e. unidirectional flow. By assuming fully developed fluid flow in long microchannels, the steady state N-S equation can be solved along the channel length (in the x- directi ...
A Simple and Efficient Method for Isolating Trichomes for
... We also examined whether the isolated trichomes would be suitable for nuclear DNA content measurements by staining isolated mature trichomes with DAPI. We found that staining of mature trichome nuclei was strong and consistent (Fig. 2B). Because the trichomes are stained and viewed after their remov ...
... We also examined whether the isolated trichomes would be suitable for nuclear DNA content measurements by staining isolated mature trichomes with DAPI. We found that staining of mature trichome nuclei was strong and consistent (Fig. 2B). Because the trichomes are stained and viewed after their remov ...
thebacterialflagellum
... inside the filament is roughly 40 Å wide and 70 Å deep [8]. All domains of the folded flagellin protein, except domain D2, are small enough to pass through the hollow tube through the hook and the filament. This suggests that the flagellin subunit is not completely folded when the export system inse ...
... inside the filament is roughly 40 Å wide and 70 Å deep [8]. All domains of the folded flagellin protein, except domain D2, are small enough to pass through the hollow tube through the hook and the filament. This suggests that the flagellin subunit is not completely folded when the export system inse ...
The End of the Line: Can Ferredoxin and Ferredoxin NADP(H
... The presence of genes for at least two different photosynthetic Fd iso-proteins in many C3 species [62, 63], algae and cyanobacteria shows this is hypothetically possible (Fig. 1a). Data from cyanobacteria and algae is extremely limited, but there are several pieces of evidence from C3 plants that s ...
... The presence of genes for at least two different photosynthetic Fd iso-proteins in many C3 species [62, 63], algae and cyanobacteria shows this is hypothetically possible (Fig. 1a). Data from cyanobacteria and algae is extremely limited, but there are several pieces of evidence from C3 plants that s ...
A brief history of ATP
... its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clue to understanding human ageing, when our mitochondria flag, the funda ...
... its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clue to understanding human ageing, when our mitochondria flag, the funda ...
Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer
... whole plant, as growing leaves and newly emerging roots. This often means that the herbicide not only needs to damage at the point of its absorption, but must also be translocated to parts of the plant not contacted by the herbicide during application. Paraquat is a cation formed by two pyridine rin ...
... whole plant, as growing leaves and newly emerging roots. This often means that the herbicide not only needs to damage at the point of its absorption, but must also be translocated to parts of the plant not contacted by the herbicide during application. Paraquat is a cation formed by two pyridine rin ...
The cell biology of hearing - The Journal of Cell Biology
... elongate to form rows of graded height. Recent studies indicate that myosin motor proteins transport components of the actin assembly machinery to the tips of stereocilia to regulate their length. As stereocilia can reach up to 100 µm in length (Silver et al., 1998), regulated protein transport is a ...
... elongate to form rows of graded height. Recent studies indicate that myosin motor proteins transport components of the actin assembly machinery to the tips of stereocilia to regulate their length. As stereocilia can reach up to 100 µm in length (Silver et al., 1998), regulated protein transport is a ...
Efficiency and Diversity of Protein Localization by Random Signal Sequences.
... The first approach was used to identify point mutations in signal peptides that impair signal function. Mutations in secreted bacterial proteins that produce a complete block in translocation were isolated (5, 11). For example, in the signal sequence of the maltose-binding protein of Escherichia col ...
... The first approach was used to identify point mutations in signal peptides that impair signal function. Mutations in secreted bacterial proteins that produce a complete block in translocation were isolated (5, 11). For example, in the signal sequence of the maltose-binding protein of Escherichia col ...
Plant Cytokinesis Is Orchestrated by the Sequential Action of the
... Brief Overlap at the Onset and End of Cytokinesis We first set out to elucidate the localization dynamics of TRAPPII and exocyst subunits throughout cytokinesis. CLUB/AtTRS130 and AtTRS120 GFP fusions, expressed under the control of ubiquitin and/or native promoters, were shown to be functional (Fig ...
... Brief Overlap at the Onset and End of Cytokinesis We first set out to elucidate the localization dynamics of TRAPPII and exocyst subunits throughout cytokinesis. CLUB/AtTRS130 and AtTRS120 GFP fusions, expressed under the control of ubiquitin and/or native promoters, were shown to be functional (Fig ...
Cardiac muscle
... even if they are not consciously being contracted. 3) A muscle is typically stretched to some length (preload) such that the overlap between actin filaments and myosin heads is optimized; too little or too much preload will lead to less contraction in skeletal muscle because fewer crossbridges can f ...
... even if they are not consciously being contracted. 3) A muscle is typically stretched to some length (preload) such that the overlap between actin filaments and myosin heads is optimized; too little or too much preload will lead to less contraction in skeletal muscle because fewer crossbridges can f ...
Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1
... of NAA are raised further. These data show that the optimum for the stimulation of cell division is situated at 10 mM when 2,4-D is used as exclusive auxin, whereas it is shifted by 1 order of magnitude when NAA is used instead. It is not clear, however, whether the intracellular concentrations of b ...
... of NAA are raised further. These data show that the optimum for the stimulation of cell division is situated at 10 mM when 2,4-D is used as exclusive auxin, whereas it is shifted by 1 order of magnitude when NAA is used instead. It is not clear, however, whether the intracellular concentrations of b ...
A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps
... suggests that mechanisms other than cytoplasmic flavonoid carrier proteins are at play in the subcellular trafficking of anthocyanins. Most significant in highlighting a vesicular transport for flavonoids is the recent description of the tapetosomes as ER-derived structures that store ER-derived fla ...
... suggests that mechanisms other than cytoplasmic flavonoid carrier proteins are at play in the subcellular trafficking of anthocyanins. Most significant in highlighting a vesicular transport for flavonoids is the recent description of the tapetosomes as ER-derived structures that store ER-derived fla ...
The impact of abiotic factors on cellulose synthesis
... and plant growth, changes to osmotic pressure can directly affect plant growth (Lockhart, 1965; Geitmann and Ortega, 2009). Additionally, changes to osmotic conditions can alter cell expansion, especially of the roots, resulting in directional plant growth towards more favorable water conditions or ...
... and plant growth, changes to osmotic pressure can directly affect plant growth (Lockhart, 1965; Geitmann and Ortega, 2009). Additionally, changes to osmotic conditions can alter cell expansion, especially of the roots, resulting in directional plant growth towards more favorable water conditions or ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑