Organization of the Sea Urchin Egg Endoplasmic Reticulum and Its
... had labeled interconnected sheets of membrane arranged in apparently random orientations (Figs . 1, 2, 5 D, 6 A, and 7 A) . The lamellar sheets were seen both in cross-section and en face, with dimensions of N1-10 Am . The sheet-like nature of these structures was further demonstrated by taking seri ...
... had labeled interconnected sheets of membrane arranged in apparently random orientations (Figs . 1, 2, 5 D, 6 A, and 7 A) . The lamellar sheets were seen both in cross-section and en face, with dimensions of N1-10 Am . The sheet-like nature of these structures was further demonstrated by taking seri ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... Endoplasmic Reticulum (Figure 3-5) • Function: Synthesis of proteins that will be excreted from the cell (rough ER) and synthesize lipids for the cell membrane, ...
... Endoplasmic Reticulum (Figure 3-5) • Function: Synthesis of proteins that will be excreted from the cell (rough ER) and synthesize lipids for the cell membrane, ...
Plant autophagy—more than a starvation response
... While under abiotic stress conditions autophagy is generally considered to be a response to assist in cell survival, autophagy is also well known to contribute to programmed cell death (PCD) by degradation of cellular contents before death [31]. Classical apoptosis as seen in animal cells is unlikel ...
... While under abiotic stress conditions autophagy is generally considered to be a response to assist in cell survival, autophagy is also well known to contribute to programmed cell death (PCD) by degradation of cellular contents before death [31]. Classical apoptosis as seen in animal cells is unlikel ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall continuum
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
Extracellular ATP in Plants. Visualization
... Extracellular ATP (eATP) in animals is well documented and known to play an important role in cellular signaling (e.g. at the nerve synapse). The existence of eATP has been postulated in plants; however, there is no definitive experimental evidence for its presence or an explanation as to how such a ...
... Extracellular ATP (eATP) in animals is well documented and known to play an important role in cellular signaling (e.g. at the nerve synapse). The existence of eATP has been postulated in plants; however, there is no definitive experimental evidence for its presence or an explanation as to how such a ...
A Shift toward Smaller Cell Size via Manipulation of Cell Cycle Gene
... how the patterns of transcription factors and signaling modules that regulate margin form (Bilsborough et al., 2011) are actually translated into the differential growth around the leaf perimeter that leads to curvature. An intuitive expectation is that division patterns of the constituent cells of ...
... how the patterns of transcription factors and signaling modules that regulate margin form (Bilsborough et al., 2011) are actually translated into the differential growth around the leaf perimeter that leads to curvature. An intuitive expectation is that division patterns of the constituent cells of ...
Kratsch, H.A . and R.R. Wise. 2000. The ultrastructure of chilling stress. Plant, Cell Environment 23: 337-350.
... Figure 1. Symptoms of chilling injury in chloroplasts. Figure 1a, spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Bloomsdale) chloroplast from a plant grown under permissive conditions (6 weeks of 12 h days at 300 mmol photons m2 s-1 23 °C and 12 h nights 21 °C) showing well developed grana and a single, large star ...
... Figure 1. Symptoms of chilling injury in chloroplasts. Figure 1a, spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Bloomsdale) chloroplast from a plant grown under permissive conditions (6 weeks of 12 h days at 300 mmol photons m2 s-1 23 °C and 12 h nights 21 °C) showing well developed grana and a single, large star ...
Actin Filaments Play a Critical Role in Vacuolar
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
The ultrastructure of chilling stress
... Figure 1. Symptoms of chilling injury in chloroplasts. Figure 1a, spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Bloomsdale) chloroplast from a plant grown under permissive conditions (6 weeks of 12 h days at 300 mmol photons m2 s-1 23 °C and 12 h nights 21 °C) showing well developed grana and a single, large star ...
... Figure 1. Symptoms of chilling injury in chloroplasts. Figure 1a, spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Bloomsdale) chloroplast from a plant grown under permissive conditions (6 weeks of 12 h days at 300 mmol photons m2 s-1 23 °C and 12 h nights 21 °C) showing well developed grana and a single, large star ...
Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later
... decreases, while the enzymatic activity of both peroxidase and catalase increased significantly in roots; this suggests that these plants trigger a response based on enhanced oxidase activity. Although the cytology of root cells is significantly altered, these plants exhibit a considerable capacity ...
... decreases, while the enzymatic activity of both peroxidase and catalase increased significantly in roots; this suggests that these plants trigger a response based on enhanced oxidase activity. Although the cytology of root cells is significantly altered, these plants exhibit a considerable capacity ...
pdf - John Innes Centre
... bounded by rigid cell walls, it is often found that the properties of the plant extracellular matrix play a critical role in the process of tissue and cell morphogenesis. This principle is vividly illustrated by the example of the rhizobium–legume symbiosis. Remodelling of the plant cell wall forms ...
... bounded by rigid cell walls, it is often found that the properties of the plant extracellular matrix play a critical role in the process of tissue and cell morphogenesis. This principle is vividly illustrated by the example of the rhizobium–legume symbiosis. Remodelling of the plant cell wall forms ...
Compartmentalisation of Rho regulators directs cell
... Evidence that the spatial and temporal control of small RhoGTPase function must be correlated with the activity of Rho regulators during tissue morphogenesis is suggested from studies on cell shape changes occurring during gastrulation and neurulation. In Drosophila gastrulation, a secreted factor F ...
... Evidence that the spatial and temporal control of small RhoGTPase function must be correlated with the activity of Rho regulators during tissue morphogenesis is suggested from studies on cell shape changes occurring during gastrulation and neurulation. In Drosophila gastrulation, a secreted factor F ...
Experimental approaches to study plant cell walls during plant
... linked to plant-microbe associations. Cellular imaging can be particularly important when applying a quantitative methodology to imaging techniques. Many microscopic techniques are available, including light (Wilt et al., 2009), fluorescence (Lichtman and Conchello, 2005), and confocal microscopy (N ...
... linked to plant-microbe associations. Cellular imaging can be particularly important when applying a quantitative methodology to imaging techniques. Many microscopic techniques are available, including light (Wilt et al., 2009), fluorescence (Lichtman and Conchello, 2005), and confocal microscopy (N ...
Involvement of reactive oxygen species in lanthanum
... Received 28 August 2016; Accepted 28 September 2016 Editor: Robert Hancock, The James Hutton Institute ...
... Received 28 August 2016; Accepted 28 September 2016 Editor: Robert Hancock, The James Hutton Institute ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
... involved in apoptotic and necrotic types of PCD (Guicciardi et al., 2004). Another, nonapoptotic form of animal PCD involves autophagy (Edinger and Thompson, 2004), an ancient vesicular mechanism for digestion of cell contents in eukaryotes (Mizushima, 2007). A central feature of autophagy is the fo ...
... involved in apoptotic and necrotic types of PCD (Guicciardi et al., 2004). Another, nonapoptotic form of animal PCD involves autophagy (Edinger and Thompson, 2004), an ancient vesicular mechanism for digestion of cell contents in eukaryotes (Mizushima, 2007). A central feature of autophagy is the fo ...
Light-Dependent Intracellular Positioning of Mitochondria in
... mitochondria in plant cells, intracellular positioning and motility of mitochondria under different light conditions remain open questions. Mitochondria were visualized in living Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells using green fluorescent protein fused to a mitochondrion-targeting signal. In darkness, mi ...
... mitochondria in plant cells, intracellular positioning and motility of mitochondria under different light conditions remain open questions. Mitochondria were visualized in living Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells using green fluorescent protein fused to a mitochondrion-targeting signal. In darkness, mi ...
G α 12/13 regulate epiboly by inhibiting E
... Solnica-Krezel and Driever, 1994). However, in embryos overexpressing G␣13a, a sizable gap was formed between the YSN and the dcm (Fig. 1, B and B⬘), which indicates that epibolic movement of the deep cells lags behind the movement of the YSL. Thus, the distance between the dcm and the vegetal pole ...
... Solnica-Krezel and Driever, 1994). However, in embryos overexpressing G␣13a, a sizable gap was formed between the YSN and the dcm (Fig. 1, B and B⬘), which indicates that epibolic movement of the deep cells lags behind the movement of the YSL. Thus, the distance between the dcm and the vegetal pole ...
Mode Suppressed TEM Cell Design For High Frequency IC
... A. Suppressing TE Mode Transverse electric (TE) modes are the first several modes to appear in a TEM cell with the increase of frequency [2], [9]. The corresponding resonant frequencies of those TE modes disturb the field TEM mode field distribution inside the TEM cell. The resonances of those TE mo ...
... A. Suppressing TE Mode Transverse electric (TE) modes are the first several modes to appear in a TEM cell with the increase of frequency [2], [9]. The corresponding resonant frequencies of those TE modes disturb the field TEM mode field distribution inside the TEM cell. The resonances of those TE mo ...
Brief Report - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Figure 1. TRAP cytoplasmic tail mutants and gene targeting strategy. (A) Schematic representation of the TRAP protein and amino acid sequences (one letter code), of the cytoplasmic tails of Plasmodium berghei TRAP and TRAP recombinants. CoTRAP indicates the residues conserved in at least five of six ...
... Figure 1. TRAP cytoplasmic tail mutants and gene targeting strategy. (A) Schematic representation of the TRAP protein and amino acid sequences (one letter code), of the cytoplasmic tails of Plasmodium berghei TRAP and TRAP recombinants. CoTRAP indicates the residues conserved in at least five of six ...
Nucleocytoplasmic interactions in the mouse embryo
... A more rigorous test of the ability of foreign nuclei to support development is their placement in enucleated cytoplasm. Although the removal of the zygote pronuclei can be accomplished via micropipette penetration of the ovum plasma membrane (Modliriski, 1975,1980; Markert & Petters, 1977; Hoppe & ...
... A more rigorous test of the ability of foreign nuclei to support development is their placement in enucleated cytoplasm. Although the removal of the zygote pronuclei can be accomplished via micropipette penetration of the ovum plasma membrane (Modliriski, 1975,1980; Markert & Petters, 1977; Hoppe & ...
Development
... expansion, which is in turn dependent upon cell division and expansion. The importance of cell proliferation on leaf morphology can be observed in Arabidopsis transgenic lines expressing cyclindependent kinase inhibitor 1 (ICK1) or Kip-related protein 2 (KRP2), which inhibit leaf cell proliferation ...
... expansion, which is in turn dependent upon cell division and expansion. The importance of cell proliferation on leaf morphology can be observed in Arabidopsis transgenic lines expressing cyclindependent kinase inhibitor 1 (ICK1) or Kip-related protein 2 (KRP2), which inhibit leaf cell proliferation ...
The PLASTID DIVISION1 and 2 Components of the
... the chloroplast division site, green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were expressed by their respective promoters and observed by fluorescence microscopy. Consistent with the results of the immunoblot and GUS analyses, strong fluorescence signals of GFP-PDV1 and GFP-PDV2 at the chloroplast ...
... the chloroplast division site, green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were expressed by their respective promoters and observed by fluorescence microscopy. Consistent with the results of the immunoblot and GUS analyses, strong fluorescence signals of GFP-PDV1 and GFP-PDV2 at the chloroplast ...
University of Groningen The Role of Biomacromolecular
... allows the membrane protein to become activated (7, 87, 119). Further, since the bacterial cytoplasm contains strong electrolytes, and since it is crowded with many charged macromolecules, we have also outlined an electrochemical vectorial model of a bacterial cell (112), in which screened electrost ...
... allows the membrane protein to become activated (7, 87, 119). Further, since the bacterial cytoplasm contains strong electrolytes, and since it is crowded with many charged macromolecules, we have also outlined an electrochemical vectorial model of a bacterial cell (112), in which screened electrost ...
distribution of microtubules in the golgi apparatus of euglena gracilis
... apparatus and were visible in almost all suitably oriented dictyosomes examined. However, they did not appear in large numbers and, in most instances, averaged no more than 1-2 microtubules per dictyosome section, with a maximum of about 8-10 in opportune sections. The distribution of Golgi apparatu ...
... apparatus and were visible in almost all suitably oriented dictyosomes examined. However, they did not appear in large numbers and, in most instances, averaged no more than 1-2 microtubules per dictyosome section, with a maximum of about 8-10 in opportune sections. The distribution of Golgi apparatu ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑