Diatoms
... 2. What unique color do the chloroplasts of most diatoms share? 3. True or false, diatoms can be found in both fresh and salt water. 4. The asexual division of diatoms leaves each daughter with how much of the cell wall? 5. The cell walls of diatoms are made of what material? 6. Although diatoms are ...
... 2. What unique color do the chloroplasts of most diatoms share? 3. True or false, diatoms can be found in both fresh and salt water. 4. The asexual division of diatoms leaves each daughter with how much of the cell wall? 5. The cell walls of diatoms are made of what material? 6. Although diatoms are ...
Auxin and the Communication Between Plant Cells
... Polar auxin transport can regulate the synchrony of cell divisions, with actin organization emerging as a central factor defining the pattern of cell division, probably by polarizing the flow of vesicles that deposit auxin-efflux carriers to the cell pole and thus determining the directionality of a ...
... Polar auxin transport can regulate the synchrony of cell divisions, with actin organization emerging as a central factor defining the pattern of cell division, probably by polarizing the flow of vesicles that deposit auxin-efflux carriers to the cell pole and thus determining the directionality of a ...
Auxin Metabolism and Function in the Multicellular Brown Alga
... collected, and the levels of several auxin compounds were measured by both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Table I shows that E. siliculosus contains low but significant amounts of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), and ...
... collected, and the levels of several auxin compounds were measured by both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Table I shows that E. siliculosus contains low but significant amounts of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), and ...
division plane orientation in plant cells
... pith tissue (Panteris et al. 2004). Nuclear migration into the division plane occurs after CCR formation coincident with a proliferation of transvacuolar strands, some of which connect the nucleus to the CCR, forming a phragmosome. The MT component of the PPB forms in alignment with the CCR and phra ...
... pith tissue (Panteris et al. 2004). Nuclear migration into the division plane occurs after CCR formation coincident with a proliferation of transvacuolar strands, some of which connect the nucleus to the CCR, forming a phragmosome. The MT component of the PPB forms in alignment with the CCR and phra ...
Delivery of a Secreted Soluble Protein to the Vacuole via a
... tonoplast. This is particularly relevant in the case of homologous proteins such as aquaporins, which are found in both membranes. Although amino acid sequence comparisons have revealed differences between the aquaporin homologs (Schaffner, 1998), it is not clear that these domains contain the targe ...
... tonoplast. This is particularly relevant in the case of homologous proteins such as aquaporins, which are found in both membranes. Although amino acid sequence comparisons have revealed differences between the aquaporin homologs (Schaffner, 1998), it is not clear that these domains contain the targe ...
Avoidance of Four-way Junctions and
... with the observed tendency of such cells to divide perpendicular to the long axis. In nonrectangular isodiametric epidermal cells, which approximate regular hexagons in section, the radial microtubular strands emanating from the nucleus tend to remain associated with the middle of each subtending ce ...
... with the observed tendency of such cells to divide perpendicular to the long axis. In nonrectangular isodiametric epidermal cells, which approximate regular hexagons in section, the radial microtubular strands emanating from the nucleus tend to remain associated with the middle of each subtending ce ...
PI3K and Rho GTPase activity are required for exogenous PIP3
... membrane whether or not cells are stimulated. Within 5 seconds of stimulation with cAMP, RasG is activated as judged by its ability to bind to the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of Raf. ...
... membrane whether or not cells are stimulated. Within 5 seconds of stimulation with cAMP, RasG is activated as judged by its ability to bind to the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of Raf. ...
The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox
... circular forms are gradually restored to flattened peripheral membranes. Methanotrophs contain extensive intracytoplasmic membrane systems that are related to their methaneoxidizing ability [9]. They are divided in two major groups based on intracytoplasmic cell structure. Type I methanotrophs, belon ...
... circular forms are gradually restored to flattened peripheral membranes. Methanotrophs contain extensive intracytoplasmic membrane systems that are related to their methaneoxidizing ability [9]. They are divided in two major groups based on intracytoplasmic cell structure. Type I methanotrophs, belon ...
Most Human Proteins Made in Both Nucleus
... some translation occurs in nuclei [5]; however, we use shorter pulses and unpermeabilized cells. Cells are first treated with cycoheximide to ‘freeze’ ribosomes, and then incubated with puromycin – a structural mimic of aminoacyl-tRNA which is incorporated into the C-termini of nascent peptides; fin ...
... some translation occurs in nuclei [5]; however, we use shorter pulses and unpermeabilized cells. Cells are first treated with cycoheximide to ‘freeze’ ribosomes, and then incubated with puromycin – a structural mimic of aminoacyl-tRNA which is incorporated into the C-termini of nascent peptides; fin ...
Mechanics and Modeling of Plant Cell Growth
... demonstrates a relationship and interplay between irreversible and reversible (elastic) deformation. The relationship between irreversible and elastic cell wall deformation is explicit in the augmented growth equations (equations 1 to 4) and the interplay can be recovered from their solutions for di ...
... demonstrates a relationship and interplay between irreversible and reversible (elastic) deformation. The relationship between irreversible and elastic cell wall deformation is explicit in the augmented growth equations (equations 1 to 4) and the interplay can be recovered from their solutions for di ...
3 Ultradian Growth Oscillations in Organs: Physiological Signal or
... Under the hypothesis that expansion in plant cells is inherently oscillatory, and hence readily entrained among the many growing cells of an organ, the emergent, master oscillation might most simply be expected to occur symmetrically, rather than as a traveling wave rotating around the circumference ...
... Under the hypothesis that expansion in plant cells is inherently oscillatory, and hence readily entrained among the many growing cells of an organ, the emergent, master oscillation might most simply be expected to occur symmetrically, rather than as a traveling wave rotating around the circumference ...
Bio 504 Name: Practice Fungi Worksheet Complete the blanks using
... Fungi do not have _____________________ so they cannot make their food in the way that plants do. Fungi, like animals are _____________________. However, fungi are not ingestive heterotrophs that digest food after they eat it like animals. They feed on and are classified as saprophytes. Their hyphae ...
... Fungi do not have _____________________ so they cannot make their food in the way that plants do. Fungi, like animals are _____________________. However, fungi are not ingestive heterotrophs that digest food after they eat it like animals. They feed on and are classified as saprophytes. Their hyphae ...
Paramecium
... groove, cilia sweep food into this area. At the end of the gullet, food vacuoles are formed. Color all food vacuoles light brown. Undigested food particles are eliminated through the anal pore (color dark brown). T Paramecium can respond to temperature, food, oxygen and toxins and have a very simple ...
... groove, cilia sweep food into this area. At the end of the gullet, food vacuoles are formed. Color all food vacuoles light brown. Undigested food particles are eliminated through the anal pore (color dark brown). T Paramecium can respond to temperature, food, oxygen and toxins and have a very simple ...
PDF
... ways: while CtA increases mitotic activity and nuclear concentration in the tissue, NA decreases them. The action of CtA is somewhat stronger than that of NA. At the same time the action of the nuclear fraction is observed a little bit earlier than that of the cytoplasmic one (Fig. 1). An injection ...
... ways: while CtA increases mitotic activity and nuclear concentration in the tissue, NA decreases them. The action of CtA is somewhat stronger than that of NA. At the same time the action of the nuclear fraction is observed a little bit earlier than that of the cytoplasmic one (Fig. 1). An injection ...
The Analysis of Plant Growth - Plant Physiology and Development
... be evaluated by differentiation of the growth velocity with respect to position (FIGURE A2.4B). Or we can approximate r by measuring the relative growth rates of closely spaced segments of initial length L. For each segment, r = (1/L)(dL/dt). The relative elemental growth rate shows the location and ...
... be evaluated by differentiation of the growth velocity with respect to position (FIGURE A2.4B). Or we can approximate r by measuring the relative growth rates of closely spaced segments of initial length L. For each segment, r = (1/L)(dL/dt). The relative elemental growth rate shows the location and ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
Corresponding author: Dr. A. Lacey Samuels
... values in defined cell types (secondary cell wall/cortical cytoplasm of developing tracheids; cytoplasm of rays) under different inhibitory conditions (Figure 3). In developing tracheids, inhibition of C4H by 10 µM piperonylic acid (PA) decreased the average label to 19% of the control density, sugg ...
... values in defined cell types (secondary cell wall/cortical cytoplasm of developing tracheids; cytoplasm of rays) under different inhibitory conditions (Figure 3). In developing tracheids, inhibition of C4H by 10 µM piperonylic acid (PA) decreased the average label to 19% of the control density, sugg ...
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function
... 40) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effe ...
... 40) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effe ...
Induction of a Secondary Body Axis in Xenopus by Antibodies to
... restored a compact epithelial morphology. Epithelial compaction is thought to depend on the actin cytoskeleton (15), consistent with a cytoskeletal linker function for ot-catenin. The function of/3-catenin in the cadherin complex is less clear./3-Catenin binds directly to the cadherin cytoplasmic ta ...
... restored a compact epithelial morphology. Epithelial compaction is thought to depend on the actin cytoskeleton (15), consistent with a cytoskeletal linker function for ot-catenin. The function of/3-catenin in the cadherin complex is less clear./3-Catenin binds directly to the cadherin cytoplasmic ta ...
Assessing the Flexibility of Intermediate Filaments by Atomic Force
... ð9Þ s To test the validity of the above model, the experimental mean-square end-to-end distance of filaments, with contour lengths ranging between 2000 nm and 4000 nm, was calculated as a function of their contour length s: The corresponding plots are shown in Figure 3d for each support. For s longe ...
... ð9Þ s To test the validity of the above model, the experimental mean-square end-to-end distance of filaments, with contour lengths ranging between 2000 nm and 4000 nm, was calculated as a function of their contour length s: The corresponding plots are shown in Figure 3d for each support. For s longe ...
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality
... machinery of the plant cell wall contributes to cell growth and specialization, and thus to the final stature and form of plants. The plant cell wall is a highly organized composite of many different polysaccharides, proteins, and aromatic substances that undergo dynamic changes during cell division ...
... machinery of the plant cell wall contributes to cell growth and specialization, and thus to the final stature and form of plants. The plant cell wall is a highly organized composite of many different polysaccharides, proteins, and aromatic substances that undergo dynamic changes during cell division ...
A tour of the cell - The Open University
... Large particles suspended in liquid will eventually settle out under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field (the strength of this force is denoted g). Small particles, however, will usually separate extremely slowly (or not at all) unless subjected to a much greater force than gravity. Thi ...
... Large particles suspended in liquid will eventually settle out under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field (the strength of this force is denoted g). Small particles, however, will usually separate extremely slowly (or not at all) unless subjected to a much greater force than gravity. Thi ...
1 Laccases direct lignification in the discrete secondary cell wall
... membranes (Fig. 3; Supplemental Fig. 4). YFP-tagged ABCG11, which has previously been shown to function as a plasma membrane localized cuticular wax and cutin exporter (Bird et al., 2007), was included as a positive control for plasma membrane localization (Supplemental Fig. 4). Secondary cell wall ...
... membranes (Fig. 3; Supplemental Fig. 4). YFP-tagged ABCG11, which has previously been shown to function as a plasma membrane localized cuticular wax and cutin exporter (Bird et al., 2007), was included as a positive control for plasma membrane localization (Supplemental Fig. 4). Secondary cell wall ...
presence of allhnase in isolated vacuoles and of alkyl
... Lowering the sorbitol concentration of the m e d i u m and increasing the pHvalue caused protoplasts to lyse and vacuoles to emerge. The vacuoles were thin-wailed and quite translucent under the microscope {Fig. 2). There was hardly any contamination from cytoplasmic debris in the vacuole pellet. Va ...
... Lowering the sorbitol concentration of the m e d i u m and increasing the pHvalue caused protoplasts to lyse and vacuoles to emerge. The vacuoles were thin-wailed and quite translucent under the microscope {Fig. 2). There was hardly any contamination from cytoplasmic debris in the vacuole pellet. Va ...
Dynamics of PhiX174 protein E-mediated lysis of
... the extent of local autolysis and consequently o f particular meshes within the peptidoglycan net. Whereas smaller orifices of the lysis tunnels can be detected at early stages of cell lysis larger tunnel structures can be seen more frequently in samples taken at late stages of lysis. This indicates ...
... the extent of local autolysis and consequently o f particular meshes within the peptidoglycan net. Whereas smaller orifices of the lysis tunnels can be detected at early stages of cell lysis larger tunnel structures can be seen more frequently in samples taken at late stages of lysis. This indicates ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑