The Cortical Microtubule Array: From Dynamics to
... CMTs become organized into specific arrays that can persist for considerable lengths of time during development? The polar nature of microtubules is an important consideration when trying to understand the relationship between microtubule assembly dynamics and organization. Microtubules possess an i ...
... CMTs become organized into specific arrays that can persist for considerable lengths of time during development? The polar nature of microtubules is an important consideration when trying to understand the relationship between microtubule assembly dynamics and organization. Microtubules possess an i ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... microtubule array organization and 2) microtubule-based activities. Kinesins contribute to microtubule array organization through a variety of mechanisms including regulation of microtubule polymer dynamics, crosslinking of microtubules into bundles and translocation of microtubules. Microtubule-ba ...
... microtubule array organization and 2) microtubule-based activities. Kinesins contribute to microtubule array organization through a variety of mechanisms including regulation of microtubule polymer dynamics, crosslinking of microtubules into bundles and translocation of microtubules. Microtubule-ba ...
Analysis of Cell Divisions Patterns in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical
... since the outcome is qualitatively similar, plant cells and soap bubbles may share a common underlying mechanism[5, 6, 7, 8]. In foams, surface tension causes the volume to be maximized while being bound by the least amount of material. Whether plant cells also use mechanical forces to govern locati ...
... since the outcome is qualitatively similar, plant cells and soap bubbles may share a common underlying mechanism[5, 6, 7, 8]. In foams, surface tension causes the volume to be maximized while being bound by the least amount of material. Whether plant cells also use mechanical forces to govern locati ...
Protists - Needham.K12.ma.us
... Protozoans that have pseudopods are called sarcodines. Pseudopod: Means “false foot”, it is a temporary bulge of the cell that allows for feeding and movement. Pseudopods form when cytoplasm flows toward one location and the rest of the cell follows. ...
... Protozoans that have pseudopods are called sarcodines. Pseudopod: Means “false foot”, it is a temporary bulge of the cell that allows for feeding and movement. Pseudopods form when cytoplasm flows toward one location and the rest of the cell follows. ...
The Plant Organelles Database 2 (PODB2): An
... thumbnails of an image and the title of a movie, as well as the species and the name of the organelle(s) (Fig. 2B). Users can instantly view a movie on the same page by clicking on the thumbnail (Fig. 2C). The forward and reverse arrows (encircled in yellow in Fig. 2C) allow the following and previo ...
... thumbnails of an image and the title of a movie, as well as the species and the name of the organelle(s) (Fig. 2B). Users can instantly view a movie on the same page by clicking on the thumbnail (Fig. 2C). The forward and reverse arrows (encircled in yellow in Fig. 2C) allow the following and previo ...
Phosphoinositide signaling in plant development
... As in other eukaryotes, all plant PIs are formed via phosphorylation of the head group of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The PtdIns head group is composed of D-myo-inositol, which is a cyclic polyol linked via a phosphodiester bond in the C1 position to the glycerin backbo ...
... As in other eukaryotes, all plant PIs are formed via phosphorylation of the head group of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The PtdIns head group is composed of D-myo-inositol, which is a cyclic polyol linked via a phosphodiester bond in the C1 position to the glycerin backbo ...
alters cell wall construction
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... = 0.1 nm) (surface view, left; slice through volume, middle). Both densities are roughly the same size, two-fold symmetric and have two kidney-shaped protrusions on one side of the complex. (G) Surface-rendered volume of (C) showing the location of ATP synthase dimers (yellow spheres) in the cristae ...
... = 0.1 nm) (surface view, left; slice through volume, middle). Both densities are roughly the same size, two-fold symmetric and have two kidney-shaped protrusions on one side of the complex. (G) Surface-rendered volume of (C) showing the location of ATP synthase dimers (yellow spheres) in the cristae ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Symbionts • N-fixers • Endomycorrhizae • Ectomycorrhizae ...
... Symbionts • N-fixers • Endomycorrhizae • Ectomycorrhizae ...
to get the file - Oxford Brookes University
... distinct from the mammalian system and interacts differently with the cytoskeleton (Boevink et al., 1998; Brandizzi et al., 2002; NebenfuÈhr et al., 1999), so it may not be possible to identify the underlying molecular machinery by similarity to yeast and mammalian sequences. Multicellularity arose ...
... distinct from the mammalian system and interacts differently with the cytoskeleton (Boevink et al., 1998; Brandizzi et al., 2002; NebenfuÈhr et al., 1999), so it may not be possible to identify the underlying molecular machinery by similarity to yeast and mammalian sequences. Multicellularity arose ...
physiology of ion transport across the tonoplast of higher plants
... The vacuole of plant cells plays an important role in the homeostasis of the cell. It is involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic pH, sequestration of toxic ions and xenobiotics, regulation of cell turgor, storage of amino acids, sugars and C02 in the form of malate, and possibly as a source for el ...
... The vacuole of plant cells plays an important role in the homeostasis of the cell. It is involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic pH, sequestration of toxic ions and xenobiotics, regulation of cell turgor, storage of amino acids, sugars and C02 in the form of malate, and possibly as a source for el ...
Sarcomere assembly in C. elegans muscle
... 4. Initiating a sarcomere leads to distinct assembly dependence pathways for dense bodies and M-lines Genetic dissection of muscle attachment assembly has allowed us to construct distinct "assembly dependence" pathways for dense body and M-lines (see Table 1 and Figure 3). These pathways differ in t ...
... 4. Initiating a sarcomere leads to distinct assembly dependence pathways for dense bodies and M-lines Genetic dissection of muscle attachment assembly has allowed us to construct distinct "assembly dependence" pathways for dense body and M-lines (see Table 1 and Figure 3). These pathways differ in t ...
Full-Text PDF
... Several membrane proteins are also important for cell expansion, including the cellulose synthases (CeSAs) [47]. Furthermore, uptake of K+ in the vacuole is likely to contribute to the osmotic force driving the water uptake necessary to sustain expansion [48,49]. The NADPH oxidase RHD2 produces reac ...
... Several membrane proteins are also important for cell expansion, including the cellulose synthases (CeSAs) [47]. Furthermore, uptake of K+ in the vacuole is likely to contribute to the osmotic force driving the water uptake necessary to sustain expansion [48,49]. The NADPH oxidase RHD2 produces reac ...
Hormonal control of cell division and elongation
... the proximal meristem, where auxin and gibberellin mainly promote cell proliferation. Cells then elongate with the help of gibberellin, and become finally differentiated as a constituent of a cell file in the elongation/differentiation zone. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the transition zo ...
... the proximal meristem, where auxin and gibberellin mainly promote cell proliferation. Cells then elongate with the help of gibberellin, and become finally differentiated as a constituent of a cell file in the elongation/differentiation zone. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the transition zo ...
Leaf growth in grasses is determined by the cell division and
... and final cell length. However, the response of the leaf expansion rate to salinity was analysed mainly in terms of changes in cell turgor and cell wall properties. Because the time required for a cell to leave the growth zone was higher under control conditions than under salinity, cell flux in the ...
... and final cell length. However, the response of the leaf expansion rate to salinity was analysed mainly in terms of changes in cell turgor and cell wall properties. Because the time required for a cell to leave the growth zone was higher under control conditions than under salinity, cell flux in the ...
Innexin7a forms junctions that stabilize the basal
... whole basal membrane (Fig. 4G; supplementary material Fig. S1). Such junctions have not been described in Drosophila. In Drosophila, cell closure is mediated by actin ring constriction (reviewed by Harris et al., 2009). Although we could detect these rings by immunofluorescence in Drosophila (supple ...
... whole basal membrane (Fig. 4G; supplementary material Fig. S1). Such junctions have not been described in Drosophila. In Drosophila, cell closure is mediated by actin ring constriction (reviewed by Harris et al., 2009). Although we could detect these rings by immunofluorescence in Drosophila (supple ...
Roles for Rice Membrane Dynamics and Plasmodesmata during
... confocal microscopy to study the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis. They used Arabidopsis plants engineered to tag various organelles with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and reported very active plant PM dynamics, both near and distal to the penetration ...
... confocal microscopy to study the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis. They used Arabidopsis plants engineered to tag various organelles with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and reported very active plant PM dynamics, both near and distal to the penetration ...
A Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathway in P. pastoris
... These proteins are translated on free ribosomes in the cytosol. Ape1 is synthesized as a precursor (prApe1) and rapidly forms dodecamers that aggregate into a large complex (Ape1 complex).3 The prApe1 is recognized by the receptor protein, Atg19, to form a Cvt complex. Atg19 further interacts with A ...
... These proteins are translated on free ribosomes in the cytosol. Ape1 is synthesized as a precursor (prApe1) and rapidly forms dodecamers that aggregate into a large complex (Ape1 complex).3 The prApe1 is recognized by the receptor protein, Atg19, to form a Cvt complex. Atg19 further interacts with A ...
POM-POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE
... and growth. The expansion is driven by vacuolar turgor pressure and is restricted by a strong, yet flexible, cell wall that permits directional cell growth. The cell wall is mainly constituted of polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins, and highly glycosylated proteins (Somer ...
... and growth. The expansion is driven by vacuolar turgor pressure and is restricted by a strong, yet flexible, cell wall that permits directional cell growth. The cell wall is mainly constituted of polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins, and highly glycosylated proteins (Somer ...
Endoplasmic Microtubules Configure the Subapical Cytoplasm and
... roots developed normally and grew, with similar speed and pattern, as hairs of nontransformed roots. Trichoblast (before Bulge Formation) ...
... roots developed normally and grew, with similar speed and pattern, as hairs of nontransformed roots. Trichoblast (before Bulge Formation) ...
OSMOSIS (A self-instructional package)
... more concentrated solution) has the greater osmotic pressure. If these two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, water will flow from the one with the smaller osmotic pressure to the one with the higher osmotic pressure. We say that in this case the driving force for water movement is ...
... more concentrated solution) has the greater osmotic pressure. If these two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, water will flow from the one with the smaller osmotic pressure to the one with the higher osmotic pressure. We say that in this case the driving force for water movement is ...
4-3. Cell wall structure of E. coli and B. subtilis
... localized in a skin element, which is removed during the late stage of sporulation. CwlH is physiologically the only functional amidase in this family during the cell cycle, and the gene is transcribed by EσE during sporulation [79]. Mother cell lysis at the end of sporulation is carried out by CwlH ...
... localized in a skin element, which is removed during the late stage of sporulation. CwlH is physiologically the only functional amidase in this family during the cell cycle, and the gene is transcribed by EσE during sporulation [79]. Mother cell lysis at the end of sporulation is carried out by CwlH ...
A rapid and robust assay for detection of S
... proliferative activity in plants [3]. However, treatment with cell wall digesting enzymes imposes a significant wounding and osmotic stress on plant cells. Moreover, types and concentrations of the enzymes and the osmolarity of the digestion medium should also be specifically optimized for each plan ...
... proliferative activity in plants [3]. However, treatment with cell wall digesting enzymes imposes a significant wounding and osmotic stress on plant cells. Moreover, types and concentrations of the enzymes and the osmolarity of the digestion medium should also be specifically optimized for each plan ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑