ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system for studying the highly complex process of plant cell growth. Pharmacological experiments with actin filament-interfering drugs ...
... the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system for studying the highly complex process of plant cell growth. Pharmacological experiments with actin filament-interfering drugs ...
The epidermal intermediate filament proteins of
... assumed ATG start codon (nucleotides 210 ± 212) shows two putative start codons in frame, of which only the start codon at positions 105 ± 107 fits into the Kozak sequence context required for translational initiation. This assumption was confirmed by expression in E. coli using the entire open read ...
... assumed ATG start codon (nucleotides 210 ± 212) shows two putative start codons in frame, of which only the start codon at positions 105 ± 107 fits into the Kozak sequence context required for translational initiation. This assumption was confirmed by expression in E. coli using the entire open read ...
Rab-A2 and Rab-A3 GTPases Define a trans
... correspondence to [email protected]. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) is: Ian Moore (ian.moore@ plants.ox.ac.uk). W Online versio ...
... correspondence to [email protected]. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) is: Ian Moore (ian.moore@ plants.ox.ac.uk). W Online versio ...
REVIEW - The Journal of Cell Biology
... membranes (Fig. 1). However, there is one striking difference between the two organelles: The inner mitochondrial membrane invaginates to form cristae; in chloroplasts, although the inner envelope membrane frequently invaginates during ontogeny, such images are rare in the fully developed organelle ...
... membranes (Fig. 1). However, there is one striking difference between the two organelles: The inner mitochondrial membrane invaginates to form cristae; in chloroplasts, although the inner envelope membrane frequently invaginates during ontogeny, such images are rare in the fully developed organelle ...
A Cellular Adventure
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosom ...
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosom ...
Ultrastructural studies of t /t mouse embryos
... cell per embryo, but embryos of both genotypes may have as many as two or three, either peripherally or centrally located. They remain larger than the other cells, which continue to divide until individually arrested. The disproportionate cell size results in aberrantly shaped embryos. Since the ?12 ...
... cell per embryo, but embryos of both genotypes may have as many as two or three, either peripherally or centrally located. They remain larger than the other cells, which continue to divide until individually arrested. The disproportionate cell size results in aberrantly shaped embryos. Since the ?12 ...
Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Biochemical Activity and
... Since 500 ppm S02 lowered the pH of the incubation medium from 7.2 to 3.95, it was thought desirable to prepare an HCI control in order to separate direct SO2 effects from indirect ones such as increased acidity. The HCI control incubation medium containing a tris-buffer solution, adjusted to pH 3.9 ...
... Since 500 ppm S02 lowered the pH of the incubation medium from 7.2 to 3.95, it was thought desirable to prepare an HCI control in order to separate direct SO2 effects from indirect ones such as increased acidity. The HCI control incubation medium containing a tris-buffer solution, adjusted to pH 3.9 ...
Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP
... vacuoles in many tissues including liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and skeletal and heart muscle. In hepatocytes, the autophagic degradation of long-lived proteins is severely impaired. Cardiac myocytes are ultrastructurally abnormal and heart contractility is severely reduced. These findings indica ...
... vacuoles in many tissues including liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and skeletal and heart muscle. In hepatocytes, the autophagic degradation of long-lived proteins is severely impaired. Cardiac myocytes are ultrastructurally abnormal and heart contractility is severely reduced. These findings indica ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (∼10%, Figure S2A,B). Recent theoretical calculations predict that when cargos are similar in size to the process diameter, the wall effects and macromolecular crowding play a large role in regulating transport (11). Thus, we experimentally characterized the effect of size on mitochondrial transport ...
... (∼10%, Figure S2A,B). Recent theoretical calculations predict that when cargos are similar in size to the process diameter, the wall effects and macromolecular crowding play a large role in regulating transport (11). Thus, we experimentally characterized the effect of size on mitochondrial transport ...
year 12 biology - Miss Jan`s Science Wikispace
... Explain what is meant by the substrate Explain how enzymes are affected by heat Explain what is meant by denature Explain how enzymes are affected by pH Explain how enzymes are affected by concentration Explain how enzymes are affected by chemicals Explain what is meant by optimum conditions with re ...
... Explain what is meant by the substrate Explain how enzymes are affected by heat Explain what is meant by denature Explain how enzymes are affected by pH Explain how enzymes are affected by concentration Explain how enzymes are affected by chemicals Explain what is meant by optimum conditions with re ...
M6PRs are found in a subset of PC12 cell ISGs
... Fig. 1. Subcellular fractionation reveals that both the CI- and the CDM6PR are found in fractions which contain ISGs but not MSGs. (A) Fractions from a velocity sucrose gradient of a post-nuclear supernatant obtained from PC12 cells were immunoblotted with antibodies to the CI- and CD-M6PRs. The loc ...
... Fig. 1. Subcellular fractionation reveals that both the CI- and the CDM6PR are found in fractions which contain ISGs but not MSGs. (A) Fractions from a velocity sucrose gradient of a post-nuclear supernatant obtained from PC12 cells were immunoblotted with antibodies to the CI- and CD-M6PRs. The loc ...
cells
... (and chloroplasts if cells are from a Pellet rich in plant) “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and Pellet rich in cells’ internal ribosomes membranes) ...
... (and chloroplasts if cells are from a Pellet rich in plant) “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and Pellet rich in cells’ internal ribosomes membranes) ...
growth of the plant cell wall - Personal.psu.edu
... Hemicelluloses. The backbone of hemicelluloses resembles that of cellulose. Hemicelluloses bind to cellulose, but branches and other modifications in their structure prevent them from forming microfibrils by themselves. Xyloglucan and arabinoxylan are two of the most abundant hemicelluloses. Details ...
... Hemicelluloses. The backbone of hemicelluloses resembles that of cellulose. Hemicelluloses bind to cellulose, but branches and other modifications in their structure prevent them from forming microfibrils by themselves. Xyloglucan and arabinoxylan are two of the most abundant hemicelluloses. Details ...
Nuclear-fallout, a Drosophila protein that cycles from the cytoplasm
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
Water transport in sunflower root systems: effects of ABA
... and closing. Under stress conditions, ABA inhibits the transpiration across the stomata ( Kearns and Assmann, 1993); this action is preceded by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in occlusive cells (McAinsh et al., 1990). In the present study, ABA and Ca2+ promoted water flow across the roo ...
... and closing. Under stress conditions, ABA inhibits the transpiration across the stomata ( Kearns and Assmann, 1993); this action is preceded by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in occlusive cells (McAinsh et al., 1990). In the present study, ABA and Ca2+ promoted water flow across the roo ...
Chapter 19 Protists
... Animal-like protists move in various ways. • Animal-like protists are often called protozoa. macronucleus contractile vacuole ...
... Animal-like protists move in various ways. • Animal-like protists are often called protozoa. macronucleus contractile vacuole ...
Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell
... compressive stiffness compared with pure cellulose composite released the highest amount of pectin under compression. This could be due to higher fluid pressure gradients within the specimens and resulting detachment of pectins. Further, considering that the cell wall in living plants is mainly unde ...
... compressive stiffness compared with pure cellulose composite released the highest amount of pectin under compression. This could be due to higher fluid pressure gradients within the specimens and resulting detachment of pectins. Further, considering that the cell wall in living plants is mainly unde ...
Nitric oxide is essential for vesicle formation and
... movement of the nucleus is bidirectional (Chytilova et al., 2000; Ketelaar et al., 2002). Chytilova et al. (2000) demonstrated that rapid and, in some cases, long-distance intracellular movement of nuclei within actively growing cells occurs. This fact has been widely observed, and the advantage for ...
... movement of the nucleus is bidirectional (Chytilova et al., 2000; Ketelaar et al., 2002). Chytilova et al. (2000) demonstrated that rapid and, in some cases, long-distance intracellular movement of nuclei within actively growing cells occurs. This fact has been widely observed, and the advantage for ...
r-Gir - Microbiology
... volume supporting growth remained relatively constant since the protoplasm in the parent yeast cell migrated forward with the tip, leaving behind an extensively vacuolated cell to the rear (Gow & Gooday, 1982b, 1984; Gow e t al., 1986). Only the apical cell remains metabolically active and a series ...
... volume supporting growth remained relatively constant since the protoplasm in the parent yeast cell migrated forward with the tip, leaving behind an extensively vacuolated cell to the rear (Gow & Gooday, 1982b, 1984; Gow e t al., 1986). Only the apical cell remains metabolically active and a series ...
DRP1 family in cytokinesis and cell expansion
... sucrose-rescued adl1A mutants became photosynthetically active. These observations suggested that another functionally redundant member of the ADL1 family could compensate for the loss of ADL1A. Consistent with this finding, RNA gel blot analysis demonstrated that ADL1A, ADL1C, and ADL1E, but not AD ...
... sucrose-rescued adl1A mutants became photosynthetically active. These observations suggested that another functionally redundant member of the ADL1 family could compensate for the loss of ADL1A. Consistent with this finding, RNA gel blot analysis demonstrated that ADL1A, ADL1C, and ADL1E, but not AD ...
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in
... cytoskeleton in SEs. Despite the massive circumstantial evidence, however, a complete cytoskeleton network and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell t ...
... cytoskeleton in SEs. Despite the massive circumstantial evidence, however, a complete cytoskeleton network and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell t ...
Actin Dynamics in Muscle Cells
... by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cells actin dynamics was reported to predominate at the pointed ends of thin filaments. The actin- ...
... by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cells actin dynamics was reported to predominate at the pointed ends of thin filaments. The actin- ...
Journal of Phycology
... (Schneider and Roessler 1994) accumulate very high amounts of neutral lipid and have been studied for oil production and as aquaculture food stocks. Among haptophytes, there is little known about LBs, but Liu and Lin (2001) observed lipid droplet formation and accumulation in Isochrysis galbana, esp ...
... (Schneider and Roessler 1994) accumulate very high amounts of neutral lipid and have been studied for oil production and as aquaculture food stocks. Among haptophytes, there is little known about LBs, but Liu and Lin (2001) observed lipid droplet formation and accumulation in Isochrysis galbana, esp ...
Chemotaxis in Bacteria
... as the concentration of attractant changes, the tumbling frequency is measured(25). [For a history of the use of temporal stimulation in the study of bacterial behavior, see the introduction to (25).] The fact that bacteria can "remember"that there is different concentration nowthan before has led t ...
... as the concentration of attractant changes, the tumbling frequency is measured(25). [For a history of the use of temporal stimulation in the study of bacterial behavior, see the introduction to (25).] The fact that bacteria can "remember"that there is different concentration nowthan before has led t ...
Chapter 31: Fungi
... • septate hyphae have porous septa between cell nuclei • coenocytic hyphae lack septa and thus nuclei distributed throughout a continuous cytoplasm Cell wall ...
... • septate hyphae have porous septa between cell nuclei • coenocytic hyphae lack septa and thus nuclei distributed throughout a continuous cytoplasm Cell wall ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑