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YEAR 12 BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENT STANDARD: BIOLOGY 2.8 - DESCRIBE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Credits: 3
Assessment: External
Cells and Cell Transport
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State the features that characterise living things (MRS GREN)
Explain why cells are called the basic building blocks of life
Describe the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote
Describe the basic structure of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Give examples of prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Explain the difference between a plant and animal cell
Explain what an organelle is
Identify the nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuole, cytoplasm,
cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, plasmids
Describe the location of each of the organelles
Describe the features of each of the organelles
Describe the function of each of the organelles
State whether each organelle is found in an animal and/or plant cell
Describe the features of Euglena that allow it carry out life processes (MRS GREN)
Describe the features of Amoeba that allow it carry out life processes (MRS GREN)
Describe the features of Chlamydomonas that allow it carry out life processes (MRS GREN)
Describe the features of Paramecium that allow it carry out life processes (MRS GREN)
Explain what cells use cell transport for
Describe the difference between active and passive transport
Give examples of active and passive transport
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane
Explain what the phospholipid bilayer is
Explain what is meant by selectively permeable membrane
Describe the role of the plasma membrane
Explain what diffusion is
Describe an example of diffusion used by cells
Explain what a concentration gradient is
Describe the rate of diffusion with a steep and gentle concentration gradient
Describe how the rate of diffusion is affected by molecule size, temperature, state of matter and conc.
Explain what is meant by the surface area to volume ratio
Explain how the surface area to volume ratio affects the efficiency of cell transport
Explain why cell size is limited by the rate of diffusion
Explain what osmosis is
Identify the substance that moves during osmosis
Describe the direction of water movement between solution of different concentrations
Explain what osmotic equilibrium is
Describe the difference between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic
Explain what turgor and plasmolysis means with reference to plant cells
Explain what is meant by osmoregulation
Explain what active transport is
Explain why active transport needs energy
Describe the role of carrier proteins in active transport
Give an example of when and where active transport occurs
Explain how you tell if a cell has a high energy requirement
Describe the difference between endocytosis and ectocytosis
Describe the process of endocytosis and ectocytosis
Give examples of when and where endocytosis and ectocytosis occur
Describe the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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YEAR 12 BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENT STANDARD: BIOLOGY 2.8 - DESCRIBE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Credits: 3
Assessment: External
Enzymes, Respiration and Photosynthesis!
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Explain what an enzyme is
Explain what a catalyst is
Explain what is meant by activation energy
State which organic compound group enzymes belong to
Explain what an active site is
Explain what is meant by the substrate
Explain how enzymes are affected by heat
Explain what is meant by denature
Explain how enzymes are affected by pH
Explain how enzymes are affected by concentration
Explain how enzymes are affected by chemicals
Explain what is meant by optimum conditions with respect to enzyme activity
Explain what is meant by metabolism
Explain the difference between anabolic and catabolic reaction pathways
Explain why enzymes are referred to as highly specific
Describe the lock and key model of enzyme function
Explain what coenzymes and cofactors are
Describe examples of coenzymes and cofactors
Explain how coenzymes and cofactors work with enzymes in regulating cell metabolism
State what ATP stands for
Explain what ATP is used for in cells
Describe the role of ATP in cell respiration and photosynthesis
Explain what cellular respiration is
State the three major steps in cellular respiration
Describe the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration
Draw and label a mitochondrion
Relate the structure of a mitochondrion to its function
Identify where each stage of cellular respiration occurs on a mitochondrion
Identify the main respiratory substrate for plants and animals
Describe the process of glycolysis
Describe glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic
State the net yield of ATP and NAD.H2 from glycolysis
Explain what needs to be present for the following breakdown of pyruvate
Describe the process of the Krebs Cycle
Explain where the Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle from
Describe the process of the electron transport system
Explain where the hydrogens for the electron transport chain come from
Describe the role of oxygen in the electron transport system
State the net yield of ATP from aerobic respiration
Explain what is meant by the rate of respiration
Describe how the following can affect the rate of respiration: amount of
oxygen, amount of glucose or fat, demand for energy, temperature
Describe the process of photosynthesis
State the two major steps in photosynthesis
Describe the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis
Draw and label a chloroplast (stroma, grana, thylakoids, location of
chlorophyll and other pigments)
Summarise the chemical equation for photosynthesis
Describe the process of the light dependent phase
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Describe where in the chloroplast the LDP occurs
Explain what is meant by the photoactivation of chlorophyll
Explain how water is split to produce oxygen
Describe the transfer of energy to ATP and the formation of NADPH 2
Describe the process of the light independent phase
Describe where in the chloroplast the LIP occurs
Describe how CO2 is fixed and triose phosphate is reduced to carbohydrate
Describe the role of ATP and NADPH2
Describe what happens when the rate of photosynthesis increases
Describe what happens when the rate of photosynthesis decreases
Describe how the following can affect the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity, carbon dioxide, wavelength
of light, temperature, chlorophyll concentration in chloroplasts
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YEAR 12 BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENT STANDARD: BIOLOGY 2.8 - DESCRIBE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Credits: 3
Assessment: External
Cell Division
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State the organic compound group that DNA belongs to
Describe the shape of a DNA molecule
Explain what a nucleotide is
Describe the structure of a nucleotide
Name the 4 bases
Explain the base pairing rule
Describe the relationship between a chromosome and DNA
Describe where chromosomes are found
Explain what a gene is
Explain what a homologous pair is
Explain what a centromere is
Describe how a homologous pair of chromosomes can be identified
Describe the process of DNA replication
Describe the base pairing rule for creating a complementary strand from a template strand of DNA
State how many chromosomes are made from a single chromosome during DNA replication
Explain why DNA replication is called semi-conservative
Explain the role of DNA replication in preparing the cell for division
Describe what cell division is
Explain the difference between a parent and daughter cell
Explain the purpose of mitosis
State where mitosis occurs
Describe the genetic makeup of the daughter cells in comparison to the parent cell
State how many daughter cells are produced from each parent cell
Describe the 4 stages of the cell cycle
Describe the process of mitosis (IPMAT)
Explain the difference between nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Define the words: chromatin and chromatid
Explain the purpose of meiosis
State where meiosis occurs
Describe the genetic makeup of the daughter cells in comparison to the parent cell
State how many daughter cells are produced from each parent cell
Describe the process of meiosis
Explain how meiosis reduces the chromosome number (from diploid to haploid)
Explain how meiosis produces genetic variation through independent segregation
Explain how meiosis produces genetic variation through crossing over
Define the words: bivalent, tetrad, chiasma, sister chromosomes, non-sister chromosomes
Describe the relationship between fertilisation, mitosis and meiosis
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