Calcium Signals from the Vacuole
... Studies with guard cells from potato (Solanum tuberosum) and broad bean (Vicia faba) indicated that ABA-induced [Ca2+]cyt increase and stomatal closure might be mediated by myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6, a.k.a. phytate) [65]. Corroborating these observations, photoactivation of caged InsP6 in ...
... Studies with guard cells from potato (Solanum tuberosum) and broad bean (Vicia faba) indicated that ABA-induced [Ca2+]cyt increase and stomatal closure might be mediated by myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6, a.k.a. phytate) [65]. Corroborating these observations, photoactivation of caged InsP6 in ...
Endocytosis, Recycling, and Regulated Exocytosis of Glucose
... Figure 1. Model of the transit of GLUT4 through intracellular compartments during endocytosis and exocytosis (see the text for details). GLUT4 is internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or cholesterol-dependent but clathrin-independent endocytosis. Within 2 min, GLUT4 traverses early en ...
... Figure 1. Model of the transit of GLUT4 through intracellular compartments during endocytosis and exocytosis (see the text for details). GLUT4 is internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or cholesterol-dependent but clathrin-independent endocytosis. Within 2 min, GLUT4 traverses early en ...
Auxin: The Growth Hormone - Roberto Cezar | Fisiologista Vegetal
... plants have been derived from similar studies in animals. In animals the chemical messengers that mediate intercellular communication are called hormones. Hormones interact with specific cellular proteins called receptors. Most animal hormones are synthesized and secreted in one part of the body and ...
... plants have been derived from similar studies in animals. In animals the chemical messengers that mediate intercellular communication are called hormones. Hormones interact with specific cellular proteins called receptors. Most animal hormones are synthesized and secreted in one part of the body and ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
Calcium and Plant Development - Labs
... comprise the response. The magnitude of the response is proportional to the concentration of the Ca2+ -(CaM)-response element complex and can be reg ulated by the [Ca2 + ] or by changing the affinity of the receptor protein or the response element to Ca2+ . These have been referred to as "amplitude ...
... comprise the response. The magnitude of the response is proportional to the concentration of the Ca2+ -(CaM)-response element complex and can be reg ulated by the [Ca2 + ] or by changing the affinity of the receptor protein or the response element to Ca2+ . These have been referred to as "amplitude ...
store-operated calcium channels
... cells (e.g., activation by TG or intracellular Ca2⫹ chelators), but have not been extensively characterized and their molecular basis is still not understood (reviewed in Ref. 283). One complication in testing whether a channel is storeoperated is that agents that release Ca2⫹ from the ER (e.g., TG ...
... cells (e.g., activation by TG or intracellular Ca2⫹ chelators), but have not been extensively characterized and their molecular basis is still not understood (reviewed in Ref. 283). One complication in testing whether a channel is storeoperated is that agents that release Ca2⫹ from the ER (e.g., TG ...
89 calcium handling by the mammalian kidney
... Ca2+ movement. In the basolateral membrane, two Ca2+ transporters, Ca2+-ATPase and a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism, have been shown to be involved in the efflux of Ca2+ from the cell. Ca2+ reabsorption along the nephron Micropuncture studies have shown that approximately 55% of the filtered load of Ca ...
... Ca2+ movement. In the basolateral membrane, two Ca2+ transporters, Ca2+-ATPase and a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism, have been shown to be involved in the efflux of Ca2+ from the cell. Ca2+ reabsorption along the nephron Micropuncture studies have shown that approximately 55% of the filtered load of Ca ...
The cell biology of major histocompatibility complex class
... ERp57 requires no interaction with calnexin or calreticulin to function, and is recruited to the PLC by tapasin alone (29). Additionally the authors showed that calreticulin does not require either the lectin or ERp57-binding sites to associate with the PLC, and is recruited by means of a poorly def ...
... ERp57 requires no interaction with calnexin or calreticulin to function, and is recruited to the PLC by tapasin alone (29). Additionally the authors showed that calreticulin does not require either the lectin or ERp57-binding sites to associate with the PLC, and is recruited by means of a poorly def ...
Plakoglobin domains that define its association with the
... rather than removal of specific plakoglobin domains, we made use of a large number of deletion mutants. In most cases the difference in the number of amino acids between the last mutation that bound to the cadherin and the one that did not bind was less than 50 amino acids (see Table 1). Although th ...
... rather than removal of specific plakoglobin domains, we made use of a large number of deletion mutants. In most cases the difference in the number of amino acids between the last mutation that bound to the cadherin and the one that did not bind was less than 50 amino acids (see Table 1). Although th ...
University of Groningen The functional relationship between
... pathway using cholesterol as starting substrate (1). Conversion of cholesterol to bile salts involves at least 13 different enzymes and is of key importance to control cholesterol homeostasis. Approximately 500 mg of cholesterol is converted on a daily base into the primary bile acids cholic acid (C ...
... pathway using cholesterol as starting substrate (1). Conversion of cholesterol to bile salts involves at least 13 different enzymes and is of key importance to control cholesterol homeostasis. Approximately 500 mg of cholesterol is converted on a daily base into the primary bile acids cholic acid (C ...
Donohoe, B.S., B. - University of Colorado-MCDB
... that the coupling of Golgi stacks to ER export sites in plant cells is transient, and occurs only when an ER export site is actively producing COPII buds and vesicles for export to the Golgi. To this end, budding COPII vesicles are born within a 40 nm thick scaffold layer that contains Atp115 (Arabi ...
... that the coupling of Golgi stacks to ER export sites in plant cells is transient, and occurs only when an ER export site is actively producing COPII buds and vesicles for export to the Golgi. To this end, budding COPII vesicles are born within a 40 nm thick scaffold layer that contains Atp115 (Arabi ...
Pathways of NeurSospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiaet
... mM for the N. crassa enzyme. They are also high for the S. (ereviisiae enzyme (258), although specific values have not been reported. The unusually high pH optimum and high substrate requirements of the enzyme may be related to its location within the small volume of the mitochondria, where it is lo ...
... mM for the N. crassa enzyme. They are also high for the S. (ereviisiae enzyme (258), although specific values have not been reported. The unusually high pH optimum and high substrate requirements of the enzyme may be related to its location within the small volume of the mitochondria, where it is lo ...
Plant hormones and growth regulators
... methyl esters, and only later deesterified by pectin methylesterase, liberating carboxyl groups, which bind Ca2+. It follows that low [Ca2+]e should make the cell wall more pliable and easily ruptured, whereas high concentrations should rigidify the wall and make it less plastic. It had become appa ...
... methyl esters, and only later deesterified by pectin methylesterase, liberating carboxyl groups, which bind Ca2+. It follows that low [Ca2+]e should make the cell wall more pliable and easily ruptured, whereas high concentrations should rigidify the wall and make it less plastic. It had become appa ...
Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity
... domain in murine Axin, a recently described modulator of the Wnt1 pathway (Zeng et al. 1997). The second contains a PDZ domain (Ponting et al. 1997); PDZ domains recognize and bind short motifs at the carboxyl termini of proteins (but may bind other motifs as well). PDZ domains can also form dimers. ...
... domain in murine Axin, a recently described modulator of the Wnt1 pathway (Zeng et al. 1997). The second contains a PDZ domain (Ponting et al. 1997); PDZ domains recognize and bind short motifs at the carboxyl termini of proteins (but may bind other motifs as well). PDZ domains can also form dimers. ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... behavior is regulated by a large number of binding proteins, which are often the effectors of intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways. It is therefore not surprising that the actin cytoskeleton is one of the main targets of bacterial protein toxins, and thus of major importance for the ho ...
... behavior is regulated by a large number of binding proteins, which are often the effectors of intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways. It is therefore not surprising that the actin cytoskeleton is one of the main targets of bacterial protein toxins, and thus of major importance for the ho ...
Collagen Diversity, Synthesis and Assembly
... cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Eyre et al., 2004). Strongest homology within the FACITs is in the C-terminal collageno ...
... cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Eyre et al., 2004). Strongest homology within the FACITs is in the C-terminal collageno ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
Lipolysis Exposes Unreactive Endogenous Apolipoprotein E-3
... bovine milk lipoprotein lipase were added and the incubation was carried out in a shaking water bath at 370C for 10-20 min, until partial or complete clearance of the mixtures was observed. Lipolysis was stopped by increasing the density of the medium to 1.055 g/ml with solid KBr. A control (unlipol ...
... bovine milk lipoprotein lipase were added and the incubation was carried out in a shaking water bath at 370C for 10-20 min, until partial or complete clearance of the mixtures was observed. Lipolysis was stopped by increasing the density of the medium to 1.055 g/ml with solid KBr. A control (unlipol ...
Schubert, C. M., R. Lin, C. J. de Vries, R. H. A.
... fates within the first few cell cycles after fertilization of the C. elegans egg. This rapid diversification occurs because the egg contains a pool of maternally provided mRNAs that encode determinative factors, and the early blastomeres have markedly different potentials for expressing these factor ...
... fates within the first few cell cycles after fertilization of the C. elegans egg. This rapid diversification occurs because the egg contains a pool of maternally provided mRNAs that encode determinative factors, and the early blastomeres have markedly different potentials for expressing these factor ...
Calcium at Fertilization and in Early Development
... through a src family kinase pathway and in mammals by the diffusion of a sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg on sperm-egg fusion. The fertilization calcium wave is then set into the context of cell cycle control, and the mechanism of repetitive calcium spiking in mammalian eggs is inves ...
... through a src family kinase pathway and in mammals by the diffusion of a sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg on sperm-egg fusion. The fertilization calcium wave is then set into the context of cell cycle control, and the mechanism of repetitive calcium spiking in mammalian eggs is inves ...
Interactions of Annexins with the mu Subunits of the Clathrin
... To search for proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of annexin A2, the N-terminal 34 residues were fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain and used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain cDNA library. The bait construct was found not to cause autoactivation in c ...
... To search for proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of annexin A2, the N-terminal 34 residues were fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain and used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain cDNA library. The bait construct was found not to cause autoactivation in c ...
Calcium Oscillations and its Functional Significance in
... Spikes are characterized by transient increase in [Ca2+]i that rise rapidly from a baseline of [Ca2+]i. The shape of transients may vary depending on agonist-type: they may be symmetrical or may have a relatively rapid rising phase with a slower falling phase (Fig 2). Sinusoidal oscillations general ...
... Spikes are characterized by transient increase in [Ca2+]i that rise rapidly from a baseline of [Ca2+]i. The shape of transients may vary depending on agonist-type: they may be symmetrical or may have a relatively rapid rising phase with a slower falling phase (Fig 2). Sinusoidal oscillations general ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.