Evasion of the Immune Response by Trypanosoma cruzi during
... evade and subvert the mammalian host immune system, leading to life-long last infections. These strategies can be traced to the parasite’s life cycle. Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes are released in the feces or urine of the triatomine vector after a blood meal. These forms are able to ...
... evade and subvert the mammalian host immune system, leading to life-long last infections. These strategies can be traced to the parasite’s life cycle. Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes are released in the feces or urine of the triatomine vector after a blood meal. These forms are able to ...
as Hotspot Ca 2+ Signaling Units
... regulate many different cellular functions, including gene expression, cellular contraction, secretion, synaptic transmission, metabolism, differentiation and proliferation, as well as cell death. The universality of Ca2+-based signaling depends on its enormous versatility in terms of amplitude, dur ...
... regulate many different cellular functions, including gene expression, cellular contraction, secretion, synaptic transmission, metabolism, differentiation and proliferation, as well as cell death. The universality of Ca2+-based signaling depends on its enormous versatility in terms of amplitude, dur ...
Costes et al.
... optical setup used for each color leads to the same point spread functions (PSFs) and is free of registration errors. For this, we used the following instruments and protocols. Images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope equipped with an Axiovert 200 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwo ...
... optical setup used for each color leads to the same point spread functions (PSFs) and is free of registration errors. For this, we used the following instruments and protocols. Images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope equipped with an Axiovert 200 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwo ...
The GDP-bound form of Arf6 is located at the plasma membrane
... the T27N and the Q67L mutants, which are thought to be blocked in GDP- and GTP-bound states, respectively. However, these mutants have been poorly characterized biochemically. Here, we found that Arf6(T27N) is not an appropriate marker of the inactive GDP-bound form because it has a high tendency to ...
... the T27N and the Q67L mutants, which are thought to be blocked in GDP- and GTP-bound states, respectively. However, these mutants have been poorly characterized biochemically. Here, we found that Arf6(T27N) is not an appropriate marker of the inactive GDP-bound form because it has a high tendency to ...
Actin Dynamics in Muscle Cells
... in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cells actin dynamics was reported to predominate at the pointed ends of thin filaments. The actin-based thin filament pointed (slow growing) ends extend towards the middle of the sarcomere’s M-lin ...
... in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cells actin dynamics was reported to predominate at the pointed ends of thin filaments. The actin-based thin filament pointed (slow growing) ends extend towards the middle of the sarcomere’s M-lin ...
Self-Incompatibility-induced Programmed Cell
... Robinson, 1998). There has been much debate about the cytosolic pH gradient, comprising an apical domain ~pH 6.8 and a subapical alkaline band ~pH 7.2 to 7.8 in lily pollen tubes (Fricker et al., 1997; Messerli and Robinson, 1998; Feijo et al., 2001; Lovy-Wheeler et al., 2006). Oscillations of [pH] ...
... Robinson, 1998). There has been much debate about the cytosolic pH gradient, comprising an apical domain ~pH 6.8 and a subapical alkaline band ~pH 7.2 to 7.8 in lily pollen tubes (Fricker et al., 1997; Messerli and Robinson, 1998; Feijo et al., 2001; Lovy-Wheeler et al., 2006). Oscillations of [pH] ...
Clostridium and Bacillus Binary Enterotoxins
... binding to Vero (African Green Monkey kidney) cells at 37 °C, unlike Ib heptamers that form on the cell surface [49]. Like C2II, Vero cell-bound Ibp is not subsequently activated over time or after incubation with an excess of trypsin or chymotrypsin [50]. To date, extensive proteolytic activation s ...
... binding to Vero (African Green Monkey kidney) cells at 37 °C, unlike Ib heptamers that form on the cell surface [49]. Like C2II, Vero cell-bound Ibp is not subsequently activated over time or after incubation with an excess of trypsin or chymotrypsin [50]. To date, extensive proteolytic activation s ...
The Aspergillus fumigatus cspA Gene Encoding a Repeat
... DNA analysis. A. fumigatus genomic DNA was extracted using the MasterPure yeast DNA purification kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI) with modifications for A. fumigatus as described by Jin et al. (22). Southern hybridization analysis was performed as described previously (20). Briefly, 10 ...
... DNA analysis. A. fumigatus genomic DNA was extracted using the MasterPure yeast DNA purification kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI) with modifications for A. fumigatus as described by Jin et al. (22). Southern hybridization analysis was performed as described previously (20). Briefly, 10 ...
The Metamorphosis of the Aleurone Protein Storage Vacuole
... smaller protein storage vacuoles (Jones and Price, 1970). Several pieces of evidence from electron microscopy studies support this idea. First, protein storage vacuoles are not separate organelles, but are linked by tonoplast connections (Jones and Price, 1970). Second, the large vacuole formed afte ...
... smaller protein storage vacuoles (Jones and Price, 1970). Several pieces of evidence from electron microscopy studies support this idea. First, protein storage vacuoles are not separate organelles, but are linked by tonoplast connections (Jones and Price, 1970). Second, the large vacuole formed afte ...
Introduction Wnt signaling in development
... like proteins BAR-1, WRM-1, SYS-1 and HMP-2. The sequence divergence of the three β-catenin orthologs is remarkable. The C. elegans β-catenins show only 20-30% overall amino acid sequence identity with Drosophila Armadillo and vertebrate β-catenin, whereas the β-catenin of Hydra shows over 60% seque ...
... like proteins BAR-1, WRM-1, SYS-1 and HMP-2. The sequence divergence of the three β-catenin orthologs is remarkable. The C. elegans β-catenins show only 20-30% overall amino acid sequence identity with Drosophila Armadillo and vertebrate β-catenin, whereas the β-catenin of Hydra shows over 60% seque ...
The Calpain-Calpastatin System and the Calcium Paradox in the
... (unpublished data). The results of those studies clearly showed that despite the fundamental structural and functional differences between mammalian and avian heart, the characteristics of this phenomenon induced upon Ca2+ repletion following a 40 min Ca2+ depletion, at normal body temperature (42 ° ...
... (unpublished data). The results of those studies clearly showed that despite the fundamental structural and functional differences between mammalian and avian heart, the characteristics of this phenomenon induced upon Ca2+ repletion following a 40 min Ca2+ depletion, at normal body temperature (42 ° ...
The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis
... and scavenging, phenylpropanoids allow fluctuations in ROS levels that are required to elicit ...
... and scavenging, phenylpropanoids allow fluctuations in ROS levels that are required to elicit ...
Microtubule Independent Vesiculation of Golgi Membranes and the
... ural metabolite, Ilimaqulnone (IQ)L that disassembles Golgi membranes completely into small vesicles (VGMs for vesiculated Golgi membranes) as revealed by both, electron microscopy and light microscopy (Takizawa et al., 1993). Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the ...
... ural metabolite, Ilimaqulnone (IQ)L that disassembles Golgi membranes completely into small vesicles (VGMs for vesiculated Golgi membranes) as revealed by both, electron microscopy and light microscopy (Takizawa et al., 1993). Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the ...
A GH3-like Domain in Reaper Is Required for Mitochondrial
... knockout mice do not exhibit any overt phenotypes (21). Although this could well indicate some functional redundancy among the IAPs, it may also reflect a requirement for additional events in the activation of caspases and cell death in vertebrate cells. In particular, many apoptotic stimuli in vert ...
... knockout mice do not exhibit any overt phenotypes (21). Although this could well indicate some functional redundancy among the IAPs, it may also reflect a requirement for additional events in the activation of caspases and cell death in vertebrate cells. In particular, many apoptotic stimuli in vert ...
abbs.info - Semantic Scholar
... Trp residues in the presence and absence of mannose (0.2 M). Urea (8 M) was added into aliquot 4 to denature the protein. NBS (5 μl, 10 mM) was added into aliquots 2−4 every 10 min. After every addition an aliquot was removed and quenched with 20 μl of tryptophan (50 mM) solution, then the residual ...
... Trp residues in the presence and absence of mannose (0.2 M). Urea (8 M) was added into aliquot 4 to denature the protein. NBS (5 μl, 10 mM) was added into aliquots 2−4 every 10 min. After every addition an aliquot was removed and quenched with 20 μl of tryptophan (50 mM) solution, then the residual ...
livret final - Institut des Métaux en Biologie de Grenoble
... proteins[1], its biological chemistry has been neglected in non-photosynthetic organisms. In addition, it has been demonstrated that living organisms can mount a defense system against 1O2, suggesting a specific detection pathway. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this detection ...
... proteins[1], its biological chemistry has been neglected in non-photosynthetic organisms. In addition, it has been demonstrated that living organisms can mount a defense system against 1O2, suggesting a specific detection pathway. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this detection ...
Protein targeting, translocation and Escherichia coli Proteomic analysis of substrate-pathway relationships
... relative to the membrane. The simplest way to predict TM domains is to search for 20 amino acid long segments with an overall hydrophobic character. Theoretical and experimental studies have revealed that the orientation of TM domains is determined by the relative distribution of positively charged ...
... relative to the membrane. The simplest way to predict TM domains is to search for 20 amino acid long segments with an overall hydrophobic character. Theoretical and experimental studies have revealed that the orientation of TM domains is determined by the relative distribution of positively charged ...
BIOACCUMULATION OF METAL CATIONS BY YEAST AND YEAST
... wall may be more important than the individual macromolecular components of the cell wall in metal accumulation. ...
... wall may be more important than the individual macromolecular components of the cell wall in metal accumulation. ...
103 Rev Ex1 key Win06
... 19. Why do oils and fats turn rancid over time if left out at room temperature in an open container? Explain in terms of chemical reactions that take place. Fats and oils can become rancid due to bacterial hydrolysis of the ester groups or air oxidation of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid ...
... 19. Why do oils and fats turn rancid over time if left out at room temperature in an open container? Explain in terms of chemical reactions that take place. Fats and oils can become rancid due to bacterial hydrolysis of the ester groups or air oxidation of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid ...
Cooperation between the RING+B1-B2 and coiled-coil
... the coiled-coil region (DHPML3), or the carboxyterminal region (PML-Pr). This last mutant was engineered to contain the PML sequences which are retained within the PML/RARa fusion protein (Figure 3a). The DCPML3, DHPML3 and PML-PR mutants all localize to the nucleus. Their corresponding expression v ...
... the coiled-coil region (DHPML3), or the carboxyterminal region (PML-Pr). This last mutant was engineered to contain the PML sequences which are retained within the PML/RARa fusion protein (Figure 3a). The DCPML3, DHPML3 and PML-PR mutants all localize to the nucleus. Their corresponding expression v ...
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal
... We previously reported that syntaxin 13 is localized to tubular extensions of the sorting endosomes as well as to tubulovesicular recycling endosomes in nonpolarized cells (Prekeris et al., 1998). To determine the subcellular localization of syntaxin 13 in neuronal cells, we stained embryonic and po ...
... We previously reported that syntaxin 13 is localized to tubular extensions of the sorting endosomes as well as to tubulovesicular recycling endosomes in nonpolarized cells (Prekeris et al., 1998). To determine the subcellular localization of syntaxin 13 in neuronal cells, we stained embryonic and po ...
The role of c-di-GMP signaling in an Aeromonas veronii biovar
... niches (hospital sewage water, lagoon where duckweed is grown for sewage water purification, fish culture pond where sewage-grown duckweed was used as fish feed and control environmental pond). MT-G was not only detected 2007 Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Pu ...
... niches (hospital sewage water, lagoon where duckweed is grown for sewage water purification, fish culture pond where sewage-grown duckweed was used as fish feed and control environmental pond). MT-G was not only detected 2007 Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Pu ...
Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation
... Unlike in other eukaryotes, mitochondrial translation in T. brucei and its relatives has to function with imported cytosolic tRNAs and with highly derived ribosomes having ultra-short rRNAs (Niemann et al., 2011). Of all the translation factors mentioned above, EF-Tu is therefore of special interest ...
... Unlike in other eukaryotes, mitochondrial translation in T. brucei and its relatives has to function with imported cytosolic tRNAs and with highly derived ribosomes having ultra-short rRNAs (Niemann et al., 2011). Of all the translation factors mentioned above, EF-Tu is therefore of special interest ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.