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measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using
measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using

1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall

... where it acts as a second messenger in a host of signaling pathways. ...
The Role of Calcium in Pathogen Defense Responses in the Moss
The Role of Calcium in Pathogen Defense Responses in the Moss

... are conserved across the plant and animal kingdoms (Ausubel, 2005). For example, both plants and animals respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) / microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) through pathogen-recognition receptors. In vertebrate animals, this innate immunity is th ...
Requirements for CPC localization during anaphase
Requirements for CPC localization during anaphase

... chromosomes need enough time to attach ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads

... across diplomonads, with members showing sequence diversity similar to that seen across kingdom-level groups such as plants and animals. S. salmonicida annexins are prominent components of the cytoskeleton and membrane. Two annexins are associated with a previously unrecognized structure in the ante ...
Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation - Beck-Shop
Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation - Beck-Shop

... The function of communicating with the environment is achieved through a number of pathways that receive and process signals originating from the external environment, from other cells within the organism and also from different regions within the cell. In addition to adapting the function of an org ...
Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex
Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex

Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for
Cytosolic Hsp70 and co-chaperones constitute a novel system for

... Cell biology ...
THE DYNAMIN SUPERFAMILY: UNIVERSAL MEMBRANE
THE DYNAMIN SUPERFAMILY: UNIVERSAL MEMBRANE

... The locus was called shibire after the Japanese word for ‘paralysed’ (BOX 1). The shibire gene was then discovered to encode dynamin3,4. Dynamin had previously been characterized as a GTPase that can associate with microtubules in vitro 5,6, and as a phosphoprotein in nerve terminals7. Since then, m ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit

... the number of TCR ITAMs available for phosphorylation directly regulates both positive and negative selection processes in the thymus (6, 7). Moreover, a minimal number of functional ITAMs within the TCR complex is needed to prevent autoimmunity, demonstrating that the regulation of ITAM phosphoryla ...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell

... therefore consists mostly of mannoproteins. The inner layer, more electron transparent, is microfibrillar and b-glucanasedigestible, indicating that its major components are glucans. The relative thicknesses of the two layers and their apparent organization can be altered in cell wall mutants. Relati ...
Biology I End-of-Course
Biology I End-of-Course

... The diagram shows a model of a cell. For proper cell function, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions must be actively transported into and out of the cell. The arrows in the protein pump show the direction of the net flow of each ion. A. Place Na+ labels inside and outside the cell to illustrate the ...
Print
Print

... amounts of components, but also the presence of sitespecific isoforms and other unique components. It is now known that isoforms of type IV collagen (71), laminins (33, 100, 112, 186), heparan sulfate proteoglycans (12, 77), and even nidogen (88) exist, which have distinct temporal and spatial distr ...
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for

... designs for specific biological applications, and, a perspective on the evolution of gradient generators for biological applications. ...
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for
Engineering microfluidic concentration gradient generators for

... designs for specific biological applications, and, a perspective on the evolution of gradient generators for biological applications. ...
Molecular dynamics of serpins
Molecular dynamics of serpins

... the only serpin which spontaneously converts to the latent form • inhibits the plasminogen activators, uPA and tPA • regulates fibrinolysis (dissolving of blood clots) and cell migration • the specificity and stability of PAI-1 is regulated by cofactors such as heparin and vitronectin • lacks cystei ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals

... (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of OPA1 leads to fragmentation of the mitochondrial network (Chen and Chan, unpublished results, 2003; Olichon et al., 2003). However, overexpression of OPA1 also changes the normally tubular network of mitochondria into small spheres (Misaka et al., 2002). This phenotype c ...
Towards the Physics of Calcium Signalling in Plants
Towards the Physics of Calcium Signalling in Plants

... 590 kJ/mol and 1,145 kJ/mol whereas the third ionization energy is much higher at 4,912 kJ/mol. The common form of calcium in solution is therefore Ca2+ which has an effective ionic diameter of 2 Å. In seawater Ca2+ is the fifth most abundant dissolved ion by mass at around 400 mg/L or 10 mM. The Ca ...
An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis
An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis

... for each line was calculated (Figure 2A). The volume and finally the weight of the protoplasts were then calculated from their average diameters, assuming that cells of all types had an equal density, equivalent to that of water. Immediately after protoplast isolation, the volume of the cells showed ...
A C-terminus Mitochondrial-localization Region and BH3 Domain of
A C-terminus Mitochondrial-localization Region and BH3 Domain of

... Apoptosis plays an crucial role in normal development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. It is required to eliminate unnecessary tissue during development, and later on in an organism's lifespan it is necessary to destroy damaged or mutated cells (Kerr et al. 1972; Oppenheim 1991; Yoshida et al. ...
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore

... strongest interactions (Figure S1C), and identified 37 GFP-tagged proteins that consistently produce a strong SPI phenotype with Mad2-GBP (Figure 1C, dashed box). A schematic of these Mad2 SPIs is shown in Figure 1E. SPIs are enriched for proteins at the nuclear periphery Many of the Mad2 SPIs intera ...
pdf, 1.1 MB - The Nebenführ Lab
pdf, 1.1 MB - The Nebenführ Lab

... disappears. This event not only marks the separation of the two daughter cells, but also initiates a range of biochemical modifications that transform the calloserich, flexible cell plate into a cellulose-rich, stiff primary cell wall. In highly vacuolated cells these common mechanisms of cytokinesi ...
Microtubules
Microtubules

... as well as other proteins, are either present in centrioles or required for their formation. ...
Profilin regulates the activity of p42 , a novel Myb
Profilin regulates the activity of p42 , a novel Myb

... p42POP is a widely expressed nuclear protein p42POP expression was analysed by using quantitative PCR and subsequent Southern blot on standardized samples of various embryonic stages and adult mouse tissues. POP transcripts were identified in all adult tissues tested and were already present in mous ...
Structural Investigations of Liposomes: Effect of Phospholipid
Structural Investigations of Liposomes: Effect of Phospholipid

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Cytosol



The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.
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