A Comprehensive Mutational Analysis of the
... RPW8.2 mutants. T1 lines transgenic for R82E59K/T161K were phenotypically similar to the respective single-site mutant lines and to the R82Ms-0 wild-type control lines (Table 1). Not surprisingly, T1 lines transgenic for R82T64S/T161K showed enhanced SHL and HR similar to those seen in R82T64S lines ...
... RPW8.2 mutants. T1 lines transgenic for R82E59K/T161K were phenotypically similar to the respective single-site mutant lines and to the R82Ms-0 wild-type control lines (Table 1). Not surprisingly, T1 lines transgenic for R82T64S/T161K showed enhanced SHL and HR similar to those seen in R82T64S lines ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
Molecular mapping of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in focal
... complexes of Y27632-treated cells was comparable to that found in focal adhesions of control cells (Fig. 6A,C), suggesting that similar fractions of paxillin are surrounded by a comparable fraction of SH2-binding sites in the two structures. To compare FRET levels in focal complexes and in focal adh ...
... complexes of Y27632-treated cells was comparable to that found in focal adhesions of control cells (Fig. 6A,C), suggesting that similar fractions of paxillin are surrounded by a comparable fraction of SH2-binding sites in the two structures. To compare FRET levels in focal complexes and in focal adh ...
How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature
... shape easily in the hydrodynamic flow allows them to navigate within various blood vessels with varying flow rates. The plasma membranes of cells that have internal membranes undergo radical shape transformations when they develop intercellular contacts, or spread and move on a substrate4. Even more ...
... shape easily in the hydrodynamic flow allows them to navigate within various blood vessels with varying flow rates. The plasma membranes of cells that have internal membranes undergo radical shape transformations when they develop intercellular contacts, or spread and move on a substrate4. Even more ...
Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional
... fully capable of inducing Ag-specific tolerance in naive recipient animals. Conversely, exosomes produced by DCs bear not only class II, but also class I, MHC molecules and CD86, an important T cell costimulatory molecule (10). Indeed, tumor peptide-loaded DCs-derived exosomes stimulate strong cytot ...
... fully capable of inducing Ag-specific tolerance in naive recipient animals. Conversely, exosomes produced by DCs bear not only class II, but also class I, MHC molecules and CD86, an important T cell costimulatory molecule (10). Indeed, tumor peptide-loaded DCs-derived exosomes stimulate strong cytot ...
High-Molecular-Weight Forms of Tyrosinase and the
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
Ubiquitin ligases and beyond EDITORIAL Open Access Ivan Dikic
... its targets to the proteasome: hence its vital role in the progression of the cell cycle. It was already clear in 2004 that the number of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes was very large, and that ubiquitin tags can be attached to proteins either as monomers or as poly-ubiquitin chains. Bu ...
... its targets to the proteasome: hence its vital role in the progression of the cell cycle. It was already clear in 2004 that the number of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes was very large, and that ubiquitin tags can be attached to proteins either as monomers or as poly-ubiquitin chains. Bu ...
current models for the structure of biological membranes rev iew
... general by Wallach (274), for isolated bacterial membranes by Salton (232-234), for the rat liver cell membrane by Benedetti and Emmelot (16), and with special emphasis on the erythrocyte membrane by Maddy (164) . The problem is not too serious for our purpose, because we intend to discuss only the ...
... general by Wallach (274), for isolated bacterial membranes by Salton (232-234), for the rat liver cell membrane by Benedetti and Emmelot (16), and with special emphasis on the erythrocyte membrane by Maddy (164) . The problem is not too serious for our purpose, because we intend to discuss only the ...
Fluids and Electrolytes
... Mosby items and derived items © 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. ...
... Mosby items and derived items © 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. ...
Calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum
... Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is an extensive, continuous network of membrane tubules and is a separate metabolic compartment that houses many functions critical to the survival of a cell (Baumann and Walz 2001; Schroder 2008). The ER lumen provides a unique environ ...
... Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is an extensive, continuous network of membrane tubules and is a separate metabolic compartment that houses many functions critical to the survival of a cell (Baumann and Walz 2001; Schroder 2008). The ER lumen provides a unique environ ...
Amyloplasts and Vacuolar Membrane Dynamics in
... Yano et al., 2003). These findings suggest that the early step of the gravitropism occurring in the endodermis is impaired in the mutants. They still retain, however, the ability for the latter steps, signal formation in the gravity perceptive cell, intracellular and intercellular signal transductio ...
... Yano et al., 2003). These findings suggest that the early step of the gravitropism occurring in the endodermis is impaired in the mutants. They still retain, however, the ability for the latter steps, signal formation in the gravity perceptive cell, intracellular and intercellular signal transductio ...
Exercise 1 - Measurements and Lab Techniques - Lake
... Most biological molecules are held together by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds result in relatively stable molecules that do not dissociate in aqueous (water) environments. These stable molecules can serve as monomers (building blocks or subunits) for the synthesis of larger dimers (2 monomers) or po ...
... Most biological molecules are held together by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds result in relatively stable molecules that do not dissociate in aqueous (water) environments. These stable molecules can serve as monomers (building blocks or subunits) for the synthesis of larger dimers (2 monomers) or po ...
Print - Circulation
... extrusion. The importance of the Na+-Ca`+ exchanger in regulating the resting level of calcium within cardiac myocytes was demonstrated most directly by the experiments of Sheu and Fozzard,9 who measured intracellular sodium and calcium activities in cardiac Purkinje cells with ion-sensitive microel ...
... extrusion. The importance of the Na+-Ca`+ exchanger in regulating the resting level of calcium within cardiac myocytes was demonstrated most directly by the experiments of Sheu and Fozzard,9 who measured intracellular sodium and calcium activities in cardiac Purkinje cells with ion-sensitive microel ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced
... Figure 2 Characterization of the Bax cleavage enzyme. (a) The location of Bax cleavage activity was examined by incubating 35Smethionine-labeled Bax with buer alone (B) or heavy membrane (M) or cytosol (C) extracts from untreated HL-60 cells at time zero (U) or 12 h after 9-AC treatment (T) as desc ...
... Figure 2 Characterization of the Bax cleavage enzyme. (a) The location of Bax cleavage activity was examined by incubating 35Smethionine-labeled Bax with buer alone (B) or heavy membrane (M) or cytosol (C) extracts from untreated HL-60 cells at time zero (U) or 12 h after 9-AC treatment (T) as desc ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... using genetic means or chemical inhibitors is able to prevent cell death. To fulfil such criteria it is important to definitively assess whether autophagy is arrested or occurs to completion. Consequently several approaches are needed to determine whether there is an increase in autophagic flux wher ...
... using genetic means or chemical inhibitors is able to prevent cell death. To fulfil such criteria it is important to definitively assess whether autophagy is arrested or occurs to completion. Consequently several approaches are needed to determine whether there is an increase in autophagic flux wher ...
Lysenin: A sphingomyelin specific pore
... Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan ...
... Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan ...
J., Schornack, S., Spallek, T., Geldner, N., Chory
... expansion by fusion to the plasma membrane at the collar region followed by sorting at the neckband (An et al., 2006a; Meyer et al., 2009). Alternatively, the EHM could form directly from fusing secretory vesicles since ER/Golgi-type vesicles accumulate at the penetration site of the growing haustor ...
... expansion by fusion to the plasma membrane at the collar region followed by sorting at the neckband (An et al., 2006a; Meyer et al., 2009). Alternatively, the EHM could form directly from fusing secretory vesicles since ER/Golgi-type vesicles accumulate at the penetration site of the growing haustor ...
Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the
... with xyloglucans in grasses (Poaceae) and the Solanaceae where the glucan backbone is acetylated at O-6, in effect replacing the xylose side chain with an acetyl group (Gibeaut et al. 2005, Jia et al. 2005). Acetylation was not detected in xyloglucans from apple pulp or tamarind seeds (Sims et al. 1 ...
... with xyloglucans in grasses (Poaceae) and the Solanaceae where the glucan backbone is acetylated at O-6, in effect replacing the xylose side chain with an acetyl group (Gibeaut et al. 2005, Jia et al. 2005). Acetylation was not detected in xyloglucans from apple pulp or tamarind seeds (Sims et al. 1 ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... flaccidum, and Spirogyra spp. exhibits significant biochemical diversity, ranging from distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined ...
... flaccidum, and Spirogyra spp. exhibits significant biochemical diversity, ranging from distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined ...
Functions of the Cdc14-Family Phosphatase Clp1p in the Cell Cycle
... nuclear cycle regulators and the cytokinesis regulators. The nuclear cycle regulators should be able to delay cytokinesis when chromosome segregation is delayed and the progression of the nuclear cycle regulators should react to delays in cytokinesis and stop mitotic entry to prevent polyploidy. A l ...
... nuclear cycle regulators and the cytokinesis regulators. The nuclear cycle regulators should be able to delay cytokinesis when chromosome segregation is delayed and the progression of the nuclear cycle regulators should react to delays in cytokinesis and stop mitotic entry to prevent polyploidy. A l ...
Vaucheria
... nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is injured. Also in unicellular forms, growth consists in increase in the size of the entire cell. In Vaucheria ...
... nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is injured. Also in unicellular forms, growth consists in increase in the size of the entire cell. In Vaucheria ...
Out of the Mouths of Plants: The Molecular Basis of the Evolution
... dividing stomatal lineage cells and also to the cell cortex opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asy ...
... dividing stomatal lineage cells and also to the cell cortex opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asy ...
Organelle Assembly in Yeast: Characterization of
... to play an important role in the storage of amino acids and other small molecules (30). Like mammalian lysosomes, the yeast vacuole is an acidic compartment and contains a number of hydrolytic enzymes (33, 59). Certain of these hydrolases, including the glycoproteins proteinase A (PrA), proteinase ...
... to play an important role in the storage of amino acids and other small molecules (30). Like mammalian lysosomes, the yeast vacuole is an acidic compartment and contains a number of hydrolytic enzymes (33, 59). Certain of these hydrolases, including the glycoproteins proteinase A (PrA), proteinase ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.