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Cell behaviour and cleft palate in the mutant mouse
... elevation and rotation (i.e. during the 14th day of development). But there is no significant change in the outgrowth of mutant palatal shelves from the time when they arefirstobserved at 12-5 days up to early in the 14th day of development (Figs. 1 b, 3 d). Normal specimens show considerable downgr ...
... elevation and rotation (i.e. during the 14th day of development). But there is no significant change in the outgrowth of mutant palatal shelves from the time when they arefirstobserved at 12-5 days up to early in the 14th day of development (Figs. 1 b, 3 d). Normal specimens show considerable downgr ...
Membrane Potential and Electrostatics of Phospholipid Bilayers with
... The simulations were performed in the NpT ensemble at physiological temperature (T ) 310 K) and at a pressure set to 1 bar; the Berendsen scheme was employed for both temperature and pressure.27 The periodic boundary conditions were applied in all three dimensions. The time step used was 2 fs. Simul ...
... The simulations were performed in the NpT ensemble at physiological temperature (T ) 310 K) and at a pressure set to 1 bar; the Berendsen scheme was employed for both temperature and pressure.27 The periodic boundary conditions were applied in all three dimensions. The time step used was 2 fs. Simul ...
MAPK Phosphatase AP2C3 Induces Ectopic Proliferation of
... MUTE - proliferation; and FAMA - stomata differentiation [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect signaling through MAPKs to downstream transcriptional regulatory targets of stomata development [13]. MAPKKs MKK4 and MKK5, as we ...
... MUTE - proliferation; and FAMA - stomata differentiation [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect signaling through MAPKs to downstream transcriptional regulatory targets of stomata development [13]. MAPKKs MKK4 and MKK5, as we ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
Sampathkumar-2011-Live Cell Imaging Re - Max
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
Diacylglycerol kinases - University of Toronto Mississauga
... They noted that conserved residues in this extended motif may be critical for DAG kinase activity. Taken together, these data suggest that DGK C1 domains are structurally different from C1 domains in other proteins and that the different C1 domains of a single DGK isoform may have unique functions. ...
... They noted that conserved residues in this extended motif may be critical for DAG kinase activity. Taken together, these data suggest that DGK C1 domains are structurally different from C1 domains in other proteins and that the different C1 domains of a single DGK isoform may have unique functions. ...
Imaging Cell Wall Architecture in Single Zinnia
... cell wall responses to enzymatic and microbial degradation, thus aiding current efforts in lignocellulosic biofuel production. ...
... cell wall responses to enzymatic and microbial degradation, thus aiding current efforts in lignocellulosic biofuel production. ...
The Arf and Rab11 effector FIP3 acts synergistically with ASAP1 to
... containing Rab11a, the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 and the Arf-Rab11 effector FIP3 (also known as RAB11FIP3) (Mazelova et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). The rhodopsin sequence encodes at least two ciliary targeting motifs, the VxPx and the FR, and they are conserved among other ciliary ...
... containing Rab11a, the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 and the Arf-Rab11 effector FIP3 (also known as RAB11FIP3) (Mazelova et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). The rhodopsin sequence encodes at least two ciliary targeting motifs, the VxPx and the FR, and they are conserved among other ciliary ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
... Histograms of the size distribution of cell plate–forming vesicles during different stages of cell plate formation. The individual bars indicate the number of vesicles per 5-nm diameter interval. Closed bars, small-dark vesicles; shaded bars, large-light vesicles. ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... MurNAc is carried out in sequential steps by MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF. In E. coli, MurC catalyzes the addition of L-alanine to the lactoyl moiety of UDP-MurNAc. MurD subsequently adds D-glutamic acid, MurE couples meso-diaminopimelic acid at the γcarboxyl group of glutamic acid and finally MurF att ...
... MurNAc is carried out in sequential steps by MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF. In E. coli, MurC catalyzes the addition of L-alanine to the lactoyl moiety of UDP-MurNAc. MurD subsequently adds D-glutamic acid, MurE couples meso-diaminopimelic acid at the γcarboxyl group of glutamic acid and finally MurF att ...
Type III secretion: The bacteria-eukaryotic cell
... Microbiology and Infection, Armstrong Road, Flowers Building, ...
... Microbiology and Infection, Armstrong Road, Flowers Building, ...
Cellular control of cholesterol
... The epithelial cells that line the small intestine absorb cholesterol from the food we eat. The first step in this process is to breakdown the fat into smaller particles from which lipids and cholesterol can be extracted. Fats are digested by lipases and solubilized by bile from the liver. The combi ...
... The epithelial cells that line the small intestine absorb cholesterol from the food we eat. The first step in this process is to breakdown the fat into smaller particles from which lipids and cholesterol can be extracted. Fats are digested by lipases and solubilized by bile from the liver. The combi ...
Molecular Machinery Regulating Exocytosis
... transiently localize at the plasma membrane, after being targeted to specific phosphoinositide-containing sub-domains. On the one hand, the Rho GTPases, Rho1/A and Rac1, are thought to regulate secretion by remodelling microtubules and the membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton (Ory & Gasman, 2011; ...
... transiently localize at the plasma membrane, after being targeted to specific phosphoinositide-containing sub-domains. On the one hand, the Rho GTPases, Rho1/A and Rac1, are thought to regulate secretion by remodelling microtubules and the membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton (Ory & Gasman, 2011; ...
Golgi clusters and vesicles mediate mitotic inheritance
... for a particular cell type and size, and they seed Golgi regrowth, we have argued that they are the partitioning units of the Golgi apparatus (Shima et al., 1997, 1998). An alternative view has recently been put forward by Lippincott-Schwartz and colleagues based on the hypothesis that the Golgi app ...
... for a particular cell type and size, and they seed Golgi regrowth, we have argued that they are the partitioning units of the Golgi apparatus (Shima et al., 1997, 1998). An alternative view has recently been put forward by Lippincott-Schwartz and colleagues based on the hypothesis that the Golgi app ...
Sorting of plant vacuolar proteins is initiated in the ER
... results in blockage of the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides on these hydrolases. Exposure of the key mannosyl 6-phosphate groups for recognition by MPRs then occurs in the TGN through the action of a second enzyme known as the uncovering enzyme (N-acetylglucosamine-1phosphodiester N-acetyl gl ...
... results in blockage of the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides on these hydrolases. Exposure of the key mannosyl 6-phosphate groups for recognition by MPRs then occurs in the TGN through the action of a second enzyme known as the uncovering enzyme (N-acetylglucosamine-1phosphodiester N-acetyl gl ...
Altered & Disordered Physiology - CH 056
... • Jaundice is not a disease state in itself • It is a non-specific symptom which is a feature of a range of disease states • The clinical approach to jaundice must be based on a clear understanding of the metabolism of bilirubin and an appreciation of the potential blocks which can occur in the path ...
... • Jaundice is not a disease state in itself • It is a non-specific symptom which is a feature of a range of disease states • The clinical approach to jaundice must be based on a clear understanding of the metabolism of bilirubin and an appreciation of the potential blocks which can occur in the path ...
Physiology of ionophore transport of potassium and sodium
... solution is not known. There have been several detailed molecular dynamic computations of these complexes, and a likely solution structure for {valinomycin-Na+} has 4 ester carbonyl oxygens coordinated to Na+ (av bond length 2.65Å) (Varma et al., 2008, 2011; Kholmurodov et al., 2010) which is simila ...
... solution is not known. There have been several detailed molecular dynamic computations of these complexes, and a likely solution structure for {valinomycin-Na+} has 4 ester carbonyl oxygens coordinated to Na+ (av bond length 2.65Å) (Varma et al., 2008, 2011; Kholmurodov et al., 2010) which is simila ...
alters cell wall construction
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
Calcium regulates ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus
... LY294002, suggesting that phosphoinositide 3-kinase might be involved in transport of ricin to the Golgi apparatus. Together, these findings indicate that the different pathways to the Golgi apparatus utilized by ricin and the mannose 6-phosphate receptor are regulated by different mechanisms. ...
... LY294002, suggesting that phosphoinositide 3-kinase might be involved in transport of ricin to the Golgi apparatus. Together, these findings indicate that the different pathways to the Golgi apparatus utilized by ricin and the mannose 6-phosphate receptor are regulated by different mechanisms. ...
Live Cell Imaging Reveals Structural Associations
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites of lipid exchange11. However, others have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contac ...
... wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites of lipid exchange11. However, others have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contac ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.