In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
... The drug BFA, which blocks the activation of Arf1 (Robineau et al., 2000), prevents cargo-induced recruitment of a fluorescent fusion of Sar1 at the ERES in tobacco leaf epidermal cells (daSilva et al., 2004). In contrast, BFA does not have an effect on the distribution of ERES labelled by Sec13-GFP ...
Dynamics of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Sizers, and Timers
... the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to integrate Eq. 1 in Table 1 with a timestep smaller than 0.002. Since our purpose is to investigate the dynamics in general rather than to study the cell cycle dynamics for a specific species, we keep all the variables and parameters dimensionless. However, we s ...
... the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to integrate Eq. 1 in Table 1 with a timestep smaller than 0.002. Since our purpose is to investigate the dynamics in general rather than to study the cell cycle dynamics for a specific species, we keep all the variables and parameters dimensionless. However, we s ...
Anti-bacteria and In Vivo Tumor Treatment by Reactive Oxygen
... Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry B This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 ...
... Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry B This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 ...
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction
... conditions and the role of lysosomal dysfunction in pathological conditions. With the exception of erythrocytes, lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cell types. However, not all lysosomes are alike and some have acquired specific functions in given cell types, such as melanosomes and lytic granule ...
... conditions and the role of lysosomal dysfunction in pathological conditions. With the exception of erythrocytes, lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cell types. However, not all lysosomes are alike and some have acquired specific functions in given cell types, such as melanosomes and lytic granule ...
A Lipid Transfer–like Protein Is Necessary for Lily
... 1996), are observed (Jauh and Lord, 1995). These configurations were first described in lily by Pierson et al. (1986) and are not detectable in pollen tubes grown in vitro. The adhesion events, the faster growth rates of pollen tubes, and the F-actin configurations seen only in in vivo–grown lily po ...
... 1996), are observed (Jauh and Lord, 1995). These configurations were first described in lily by Pierson et al. (1986) and are not detectable in pollen tubes grown in vitro. The adhesion events, the faster growth rates of pollen tubes, and the F-actin configurations seen only in in vivo–grown lily po ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... of ATP. In the presence of nutrients and oxygen, mitochondria are the major suppliers of ATP. The metabolic process inside mitochondria that uses energy released during the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Depending on the cell type, mitochondria us ...
... of ATP. In the presence of nutrients and oxygen, mitochondria are the major suppliers of ATP. The metabolic process inside mitochondria that uses energy released during the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Depending on the cell type, mitochondria us ...
The plant Golgi apparatus—Going with the flow
... [13,19] or they accumulate within ‘‘BFA compartments’’ which by electron microscopy can comprise clusters of Golgi-derived vesicles [12,52,53]. In the former case, hybrid membrane structures composed of ER and Golgi have been reported in tobacco BY2 cells [54]. Such effects appear to depend on cell ...
... [13,19] or they accumulate within ‘‘BFA compartments’’ which by electron microscopy can comprise clusters of Golgi-derived vesicles [12,52,53]. In the former case, hybrid membrane structures composed of ER and Golgi have been reported in tobacco BY2 cells [54]. Such effects appear to depend on cell ...
Application of the photocatalytic reaction of TiO2 to disinfection and
... able to start division by binary fission , but the number of bacterial cell was increased by adding 10 ppm of H2O2 under dark condition . This effect can be explain that the hydrogen peroxide was disrupted of bacterial cell membrane and cause of decreases in respiratory activities that led to cell d ...
... able to start division by binary fission , but the number of bacterial cell was increased by adding 10 ppm of H2O2 under dark condition . This effect can be explain that the hydrogen peroxide was disrupted of bacterial cell membrane and cause of decreases in respiratory activities that led to cell d ...
Protein Quality Control as a Strategy for Cellular Regulation
... Despite the wide range of uses and recognition mechanisms for UPS substrates, there are two general themes in protein degradation, referred to here as regulation and quality control. In regulation, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is used to effect regulatory changes in a specific protein’s levels and ...
... Despite the wide range of uses and recognition mechanisms for UPS substrates, there are two general themes in protein degradation, referred to here as regulation and quality control. In regulation, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is used to effect regulatory changes in a specific protein’s levels and ...
Dispersal of Golgi matrix proteins during mitotic Golgi
... larger than those previously reported in other cell types (Shima et al., 1997; Jesch et al., 2001), our analysis indicated that these clusters only represented a small fraction of the mitotic Golgi. Furthermore, the fact that the extent of marker recovery was similar for matrix and non-matrix protei ...
... larger than those previously reported in other cell types (Shima et al., 1997; Jesch et al., 2001), our analysis indicated that these clusters only represented a small fraction of the mitotic Golgi. Furthermore, the fact that the extent of marker recovery was similar for matrix and non-matrix protei ...
Detergent-Insoluble Membrane Compartment CD20 Required for Its
... loops. Complete digestion of extracellular regions would be expected to result in either 8- or 15-kDa N-terminal fragments depending on whether the polypeptide is exposed at the cell surface on the carboxyl side of TM1. For these studies we used both trypsin, which cuts specifically on the carboxyli ...
... loops. Complete digestion of extracellular regions would be expected to result in either 8- or 15-kDa N-terminal fragments depending on whether the polypeptide is exposed at the cell surface on the carboxyl side of TM1. For these studies we used both trypsin, which cuts specifically on the carboxyli ...
PDF - Breast Cancer Research
... In order to determine whether lysosomes play a role in post-lactational apoptosis in mammary glands, we used an in situ assay to localize these organelles. Acid phosphatase (AP), a marker enzyme for lysosomes [10], was used to identify lysosomes. The histochemical examination of AP in post weaning m ...
... In order to determine whether lysosomes play a role in post-lactational apoptosis in mammary glands, we used an in situ assay to localize these organelles. Acid phosphatase (AP), a marker enzyme for lysosomes [10], was used to identify lysosomes. The histochemical examination of AP in post weaning m ...
Early and late endosomal compartments of Entamoeba histolytica
... of the internalized macromolecules is likely to be carried out by hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases [3], which may reside in endo-lysosomal-like compartments. Endocytic processes are poorly defined in E. histolytica. It is known, however, that these amoebae can actively phagocytose large parti ...
... of the internalized macromolecules is likely to be carried out by hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases [3], which may reside in endo-lysosomal-like compartments. Endocytic processes are poorly defined in E. histolytica. It is known, however, that these amoebae can actively phagocytose large parti ...
antoniadi_et_al._2015.
... is strongest in the procambium and quiescent center (QC), respectively (Kuroha et al., 2009), whereas root expression of CYP735A2 is predominantly in the vasculature (Kiba et al., 2013). Analysis of GUS patterns reveals that CKX4 is expressed in guard cells and root cap, CKX5 in axillary buds, and C ...
... is strongest in the procambium and quiescent center (QC), respectively (Kuroha et al., 2009), whereas root expression of CYP735A2 is predominantly in the vasculature (Kiba et al., 2013). Analysis of GUS patterns reveals that CKX4 is expressed in guard cells and root cap, CKX5 in axillary buds, and C ...
Transport Processes of Solutes across the Vacuolar Membrane of
... vacuoles; however, it appears that a third vacuole type exists, in which -TIPs are exclusively localized (Jauh et al. 1999). Since a cell probably contains several provacuoles together with different types of vacuoles, it may therefore be more correct to use the term ‘vacuome’, to indicate the sum ...
... vacuoles; however, it appears that a third vacuole type exists, in which -TIPs are exclusively localized (Jauh et al. 1999). Since a cell probably contains several provacuoles together with different types of vacuoles, it may therefore be more correct to use the term ‘vacuome’, to indicate the sum ...
Coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane
... for viability. Several prominent classes of antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams and glycopeptides) inhibit PG synthesis, causing lysis and cell death (Schneider and Sahl, 2010). In Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane (OM), an asymmetric bilayer of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, surrounds the ...
... for viability. Several prominent classes of antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams and glycopeptides) inhibit PG synthesis, causing lysis and cell death (Schneider and Sahl, 2010). In Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane (OM), an asymmetric bilayer of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, surrounds the ...
Significance of hydrolytic enzymes expressed during xylem
... considered to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism (Ameisen 2002). In contrast to passive, traumatic forms of cell death, such as necrosis, that result in early cell rupture and spilling of the cell contents, PCD is contained and damage to surrounding tissues does not occur. While “programmed” in ...
... considered to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism (Ameisen 2002). In contrast to passive, traumatic forms of cell death, such as necrosis, that result in early cell rupture and spilling of the cell contents, PCD is contained and damage to surrounding tissues does not occur. While “programmed” in ...
Cytostatic factor: an activity that puts the cell cycle on hold
... if one assumes that Emi1 behaves differently in meiosis and mitosis. However, the function of Emi1 as a CSF component was further called into question when Kishimoto and colleagues reported that endogenous Emi1 is undetectable in CSF-arrested Xenopus oocytes (Ohsumi et al., 2004). Furthermore, these ...
... if one assumes that Emi1 behaves differently in meiosis and mitosis. However, the function of Emi1 as a CSF component was further called into question when Kishimoto and colleagues reported that endogenous Emi1 is undetectable in CSF-arrested Xenopus oocytes (Ohsumi et al., 2004). Furthermore, these ...
- Wiley Online Library
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries
... (Iwafuchi-Doi and Zaret, 2014). For instance, ectopic expression of MyoD in fibroblasts induces muscle cell differentiation (Davis et al., 1987). The results of genome-wide MyoD binding studies indicate that MyoD binding requires specific E-boxes and is dependent on both interacting factors (coopera ...
... (Iwafuchi-Doi and Zaret, 2014). For instance, ectopic expression of MyoD in fibroblasts induces muscle cell differentiation (Davis et al., 1987). The results of genome-wide MyoD binding studies indicate that MyoD binding requires specific E-boxes and is dependent on both interacting factors (coopera ...
Practice Test Answer Key
... ____ 25. When a female salmon nears the end of her life, she returns to the river where she was born so that she can lay her eggs. This is an example of a. an inherited characteristic. c. a physical adaptation. b. an adaptation. d. a learned behaviour. ____ 26. A frog that buries itself in the mud f ...
... ____ 25. When a female salmon nears the end of her life, she returns to the river where she was born so that she can lay her eggs. This is an example of a. an inherited characteristic. c. a physical adaptation. b. an adaptation. d. a learned behaviour. ____ 26. A frog that buries itself in the mud f ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.