Insights into the Role of Specific Lipids in the
... Sperling and Heinz, 2003), suggests that plant DRMs might exhibit some specific structural features. In particular, plant DRMs have been shown to contain several sterol molecules, as represented by 24-methylcholesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol, instead of one major sterol (cholesterol or ergost ...
... Sperling and Heinz, 2003), suggests that plant DRMs might exhibit some specific structural features. In particular, plant DRMs have been shown to contain several sterol molecules, as represented by 24-methylcholesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol, instead of one major sterol (cholesterol or ergost ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of
... tonoplast. Williamson (1975) and Tazawa et al. (1976) added a Ca2+ chelator to the perfusion medium, leading to disintegration of the tonoplast (Fig. 2c). This disintegration causes disorganization of the cytoplasm. However, the actin bundles remain attached to the inner surface of the chloroplast l ...
... tonoplast. Williamson (1975) and Tazawa et al. (1976) added a Ca2+ chelator to the perfusion medium, leading to disintegration of the tonoplast (Fig. 2c). This disintegration causes disorganization of the cytoplasm. However, the actin bundles remain attached to the inner surface of the chloroplast l ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress
... tonoplast. Williamson (1975) and Tazawa et al. (1976) added a Ca2+ chelator to the perfusion medium, leading to disintegration of the tonoplast (Fig. 2c). This disintegration causes disorganization of the cytoplasm. However, the actin bundles remain attached to the inner surface of the chloroplast l ...
... tonoplast. Williamson (1975) and Tazawa et al. (1976) added a Ca2+ chelator to the perfusion medium, leading to disintegration of the tonoplast (Fig. 2c). This disintegration causes disorganization of the cytoplasm. However, the actin bundles remain attached to the inner surface of the chloroplast l ...
Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells
... breakage and annealing to allow the controlled slippage of the load-bearing microfibrils elegantly explains wall extension in one direction (elongation) but it does not explain how walls expand laterally when microfibrils remain abundant and transversely oriented. I suggest that microtubule disorgan ...
... breakage and annealing to allow the controlled slippage of the load-bearing microfibrils elegantly explains wall extension in one direction (elongation) but it does not explain how walls expand laterally when microfibrils remain abundant and transversely oriented. I suggest that microtubule disorgan ...
View Full Page PDF
... termed microdomains or rafts, that acquire specific functions by concentrating or excluding specific membrane proteins (341).1 Rafts are now believed to serve as platforms for various cellular events including polarized protein sorting, signal transduction, and cell adhesion (35, ...
... termed microdomains or rafts, that acquire specific functions by concentrating or excluding specific membrane proteins (341).1 Rafts are now believed to serve as platforms for various cellular events including polarized protein sorting, signal transduction, and cell adhesion (35, ...
AP Biology Unit 3 Introductory PP
... molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure • Experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds • For example, small membrane-bounded droplets called liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are add ...
... molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure • Experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds • For example, small membrane-bounded droplets called liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are add ...
Agrin-related Molecules Are Concentrated at Acetylcholine Receptor
... Figure 1. The expression of agrin-related molecules precedes the appearance of AchR clusters in developing muscle and is localized at the earliest-forming AchR clusters. Frozen sections of stage 24 (a and b) and stage 25 (c and d) dorsal muscle masses double-labeled with anti-agrin monoclonal 5B1 fo ...
... Figure 1. The expression of agrin-related molecules precedes the appearance of AchR clusters in developing muscle and is localized at the earliest-forming AchR clusters. Frozen sections of stage 24 (a and b) and stage 25 (c and d) dorsal muscle masses double-labeled with anti-agrin monoclonal 5B1 fo ...
Mechanosensitive Channels:
... have indicated that MscS and MscL are highly conserved across species. In general, we will show that the major similarities between MscS and MscL are that they respond to mechanical stress. MscL MscL is a fairly simple protein in comparison to MscS. Since it doesn’t open until the membrane is about ...
... have indicated that MscS and MscL are highly conserved across species. In general, we will show that the major similarities between MscS and MscL are that they respond to mechanical stress. MscL MscL is a fairly simple protein in comparison to MscS. Since it doesn’t open until the membrane is about ...
THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES IN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE COMPARTMENTATION ACROSS DIFFERENT
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... Figure 1 Interfacing the core autophagic pathway with cell death mechanisms. Starvation or growth factor deprivation triggers autophagy by modifying TOR signaling. Autophagy involves the sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm within a double-membrane autophagic vacuole, called autophagosome. The ...
... Figure 1 Interfacing the core autophagic pathway with cell death mechanisms. Starvation or growth factor deprivation triggers autophagy by modifying TOR signaling. Autophagy involves the sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm within a double-membrane autophagic vacuole, called autophagosome. The ...
effect of ion concentration changes in t
... membrane and Ca2+ transient in the cytosol, the simulations were repeated while [Ca2+ ] in the t-tubule lumen was held constant at the concentration in the external bulk space (dotted lines). The differences between the results indicate that the decrease of luminal [Ca2+ ] has an effect on Ca2+ fluxes ...
... membrane and Ca2+ transient in the cytosol, the simulations were repeated while [Ca2+ ] in the t-tubule lumen was held constant at the concentration in the external bulk space (dotted lines). The differences between the results indicate that the decrease of luminal [Ca2+ ] has an effect on Ca2+ fluxes ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... Figure 1 Interfacing the core autophagic pathway with cell death mechanisms. Starvation or growth factor deprivation triggers autophagy by modifying TOR signaling. Autophagy involves the sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm within a double-membrane autophagic vacuole, called autophagosome. The ...
... Figure 1 Interfacing the core autophagic pathway with cell death mechanisms. Starvation or growth factor deprivation triggers autophagy by modifying TOR signaling. Autophagy involves the sequestration of portions of the cytoplasm within a double-membrane autophagic vacuole, called autophagosome. The ...
PDF
... enzymes, for example, catalase, to protect plants from oxidative damage, since hydrogen peroxide is generated from fatty acid βoxidation and photorespiration and other oxidation reactions in the peroxisome. Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles with the capacity to change their appearance, their associ ...
... enzymes, for example, catalase, to protect plants from oxidative damage, since hydrogen peroxide is generated from fatty acid βoxidation and photorespiration and other oxidation reactions in the peroxisome. Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles with the capacity to change their appearance, their associ ...
Keratin Alterations during Embryonic Epidermal Differentiation: A
... tissue culture dishes containing no irradiated 3T3 cells, conditions favoring the growth of fibroblasts only . Usually, fibroblasts were passaged once to insure complete elimination of keratinocytes . Cells from confluent cultures were trypsinized, divided equally into two parts, and washed once wit ...
... tissue culture dishes containing no irradiated 3T3 cells, conditions favoring the growth of fibroblasts only . Usually, fibroblasts were passaged once to insure complete elimination of keratinocytes . Cells from confluent cultures were trypsinized, divided equally into two parts, and washed once wit ...
Mechanisms of water-holding capacity of meat: The role
... gram of protein is estimated to be tightly bound to proteins. Since the total concentration of protein in muscle is approximately 200 mg/g, this bound water only makes up less than a tenth of the total water in muscle. The amount of bound water changes very little if at all in post-rigor muscle (Offe ...
... gram of protein is estimated to be tightly bound to proteins. Since the total concentration of protein in muscle is approximately 200 mg/g, this bound water only makes up less than a tenth of the total water in muscle. The amount of bound water changes very little if at all in post-rigor muscle (Offe ...
Culm strenth of a rice brittle mutant
... primary and second cell walls. The cellulose in cell wall provides not only the necessary strength to resist the turgor pressure in plant cells but also has a distinct role in maintaining the size, shape and division/differentiation potential of most plant cells and ultimately the direction of plan ...
... primary and second cell walls. The cellulose in cell wall provides not only the necessary strength to resist the turgor pressure in plant cells but also has a distinct role in maintaining the size, shape and division/differentiation potential of most plant cells and ultimately the direction of plan ...
PDF - Hormones.gr
... reticulum.34 Alternatively, a poorly-characterized organelle, called a phagophore, has also been suggested as the origin of autophagosomes and other vesicular structures.35 In yeast, a unique perivacuolar structure, called PAS (preautophagosomal structure), has been proposed as the precursor of auto ...
... reticulum.34 Alternatively, a poorly-characterized organelle, called a phagophore, has also been suggested as the origin of autophagosomes and other vesicular structures.35 In yeast, a unique perivacuolar structure, called PAS (preautophagosomal structure), has been proposed as the precursor of auto ...
Cell size trade-offs govern light exploitation strategies in
... where M is the metabolic rate, a is the size-normalized metabolic rate, which varies among taxonomic groups (Irwin et al., 2006; Raven et al., 2006), E is the activation energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured ...
... where M is the metabolic rate, a is the size-normalized metabolic rate, which varies among taxonomic groups (Irwin et al., 2006; Raven et al., 2006), E is the activation energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured ...
Physical properties of lipid bilayer membranes: relevance to
... creases oxygen transport in the polar headgroup region and in the hydrocarbon region near the polar headgroups and increases it in the membrane center [12, 14]. This indicates that the major barrier for oxygen permeability across the membrane is located in and near the headgroup region. The extended ...
... creases oxygen transport in the polar headgroup region and in the hydrocarbon region near the polar headgroups and increases it in the membrane center [12, 14]. This indicates that the major barrier for oxygen permeability across the membrane is located in and near the headgroup region. The extended ...
Enhanced intracellular Ca concentrations in and after addition
... oligosaccharide elicitors to cultures (Petruccioli et al. 1999; Nair et al. 2008; Murphy et al. 2007a). The effect of elicitation on fungal morphology and penicillin G production has also been studied: Penicillium chrysogenum supplemented with oligosaccharide elicitors had higher hyphal tip numbers ...
... oligosaccharide elicitors to cultures (Petruccioli et al. 1999; Nair et al. 2008; Murphy et al. 2007a). The effect of elicitation on fungal morphology and penicillin G production has also been studied: Penicillium chrysogenum supplemented with oligosaccharide elicitors had higher hyphal tip numbers ...
Regulation of tubulin heterodimer partitioning during interphase and
... loss of the cell wall paved the way for the current organization of the eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments. To allow a cytoskeleton dependent spatial organization of the cytoplasm, the molecular motor proteins evolved. Through the utilization of energy released during ATP hydrolysis, a mole ...
... loss of the cell wall paved the way for the current organization of the eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments. To allow a cytoskeleton dependent spatial organization of the cytoplasm, the molecular motor proteins evolved. Through the utilization of energy released during ATP hydrolysis, a mole ...
The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins
... levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PINFORMED (PIN) auxin transport ...
... levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PINFORMED (PIN) auxin transport ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.