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... appeared that in the presence of extract solution of Eucalyptus microcorys, the CAIRs of commensally E. coli was respectively 2.962 h-1, 2.951 h-1, and 4.176 h-1 with 1%, 1.5% and 2% of extract concentration at 7°C. At 23°C and 37°C of incubation, the CAIRs ranged respectively from 3.642 h-1 to 5.72 ...
... appeared that in the presence of extract solution of Eucalyptus microcorys, the CAIRs of commensally E. coli was respectively 2.962 h-1, 2.951 h-1, and 4.176 h-1 with 1%, 1.5% and 2% of extract concentration at 7°C. At 23°C and 37°C of incubation, the CAIRs ranged respectively from 3.642 h-1 to 5.72 ...
Physiology of intracellular potassium channels: A unifying role as
... the respiratory chain (RC). Consequently, cations (K+ and Ca2+) flow from the intermembrane space (where the concentration of ions is comparable to cytosolic concentrations because the OMM is permeable to these ions) to the matrix when a permeation pathway opens. The direction of K+ flow has been demo ...
... the respiratory chain (RC). Consequently, cations (K+ and Ca2+) flow from the intermembrane space (where the concentration of ions is comparable to cytosolic concentrations because the OMM is permeable to these ions) to the matrix when a permeation pathway opens. The direction of K+ flow has been demo ...
Co-ordination of signalling elements in guard cell ion
... K,out channels (Grabov et al., 1997), providing electrically neutral solute efflux from the guard cells. I was found K,out to be strongly stimulated by increasing pH (Blatt, 1992; i Blatt and Armstrong, 1993; Miedema and Assmann, 1996; Grabov and Blatt, 1997), suggesting it as the major target of H+ ...
... K,out channels (Grabov et al., 1997), providing electrically neutral solute efflux from the guard cells. I was found K,out to be strongly stimulated by increasing pH (Blatt, 1992; i Blatt and Armstrong, 1993; Miedema and Assmann, 1996; Grabov and Blatt, 1997), suggesting it as the major target of H+ ...
Doehrty-McMahon 2009
... around caveolae (Figure 1) (11). Unsurprisingly perhaps given their morphology, these structures have been extensively implicated in endocytic events (10) and can be followed, using fluorescent caveolin1 expression, in real time. Multicaveolar assemblies, where many caveolae are connected together an ...
... around caveolae (Figure 1) (11). Unsurprisingly perhaps given their morphology, these structures have been extensively implicated in endocytic events (10) and can be followed, using fluorescent caveolin1 expression, in real time. Multicaveolar assemblies, where many caveolae are connected together an ...
Autophagy in Plasmodium, a multifunctional pathway?
... degradation of cellular material inside the lysosome. The best-studied form, macroautophagy, encapsulates the cytoplasmic material inside a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome that fuses with the lysosome. Once considered a nonselective bulk process, autophagy is now appreciated as a way to q ...
... degradation of cellular material inside the lysosome. The best-studied form, macroautophagy, encapsulates the cytoplasmic material inside a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome that fuses with the lysosome. Once considered a nonselective bulk process, autophagy is now appreciated as a way to q ...
Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra
... ultrastructural features of chloroplasts The chloroplasts of higher plants are lens-shaped organelles with a diameter of ∼5 µm and a width of ∼2.5µm (Figure 2). Each chloroplast is delineated by two envelope membranes, which encompass an aqueous matrix, the stroma, and the internal photosynthetic me ...
... ultrastructural features of chloroplasts The chloroplasts of higher plants are lens-shaped organelles with a diameter of ∼5 µm and a width of ∼2.5µm (Figure 2). Each chloroplast is delineated by two envelope membranes, which encompass an aqueous matrix, the stroma, and the internal photosynthetic me ...
Control de la estabilidad de ciclinas de G1 por nutrientes Sara
... regulation of cell cycle becomes essential in the adaptation process. However, nothing is known about how nutrients impinge on the cell cycle machinery (1). In budding yeast, the commitment to a new round of cell division takes place in late G1, at a point called Start, where transcriptional activat ...
... regulation of cell cycle becomes essential in the adaptation process. However, nothing is known about how nutrients impinge on the cell cycle machinery (1). In budding yeast, the commitment to a new round of cell division takes place in late G1, at a point called Start, where transcriptional activat ...
Characterization of the Cytosolic Proteins Involved in the Amoeboid
... retraction, similar to that seen in conventional actin-based cells. However, instead of actin, these cells power their movement through modulation of the major sperm protein (MSP) cytoskeleton. MSP forms dense filament meshworks that pack the sperm lamellipod. Protrusion is associated with the assem ...
... retraction, similar to that seen in conventional actin-based cells. However, instead of actin, these cells power their movement through modulation of the major sperm protein (MSP) cytoskeleton. MSP forms dense filament meshworks that pack the sperm lamellipod. Protrusion is associated with the assem ...
An Equatorial Contractile Mechanism Drives Cell Elongation but not
... the establishment of an equatorial actomyosin ring is preceded and regulated by many cell cycle events, and the ring itself is a complex and dynamic structure. Here we report the presence of an equatorial circumferential actomyosin structure with remarkable similarities to the cytokinetic ring forme ...
... the establishment of an equatorial actomyosin ring is preceded and regulated by many cell cycle events, and the ring itself is a complex and dynamic structure. Here we report the presence of an equatorial circumferential actomyosin structure with remarkable similarities to the cytokinetic ring forme ...
Figure 1 - Journal of The Royal Society Interface
... walls and the variations in cellular structure give rise to a remarkably wide range of mechanical properties: Young’s modulus varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to 30 GPa in the densest palm, while the compressive strength varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to over 300 MPa in dense palm. The moduli an ...
... walls and the variations in cellular structure give rise to a remarkably wide range of mechanical properties: Young’s modulus varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to 30 GPa in the densest palm, while the compressive strength varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to over 300 MPa in dense palm. The moduli an ...
Protected Cell Companies Act 1999
... cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar by way of continuation; “Authority” means the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority established under the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities ...
... cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar by way of continuation; “Authority” means the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority established under the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities ...
Nucleolus: the fascinating nuclear body
... et al. 1995). In the caps are several proteins related to the RNA polymerase (pol) I transcription machinery such as UBF, close to Wbrillarin-containing caps. In the central body are proteins derived from the GC, some of which are progressively released, such as PM-Scl 100. It was recently demonstra ...
... et al. 1995). In the caps are several proteins related to the RNA polymerase (pol) I transcription machinery such as UBF, close to Wbrillarin-containing caps. In the central body are proteins derived from the GC, some of which are progressively released, such as PM-Scl 100. It was recently demonstra ...
Storage globulins pass through the Golgi apparatus and
... the two vacuolar sorting receptor families in plants for DV formation (Castelli and Vitale, 2005; Wenzel et al., 2005; Craddock et al., 2008; von Lüpke et al., 2008; Zouhar and Rojo, 2009; Pompa et al., 2010; H. Wang et al., 2010; Zouhar et al., 2010). There is genetic and biochemical evidence that ...
... the two vacuolar sorting receptor families in plants for DV formation (Castelli and Vitale, 2005; Wenzel et al., 2005; Craddock et al., 2008; von Lüpke et al., 2008; Zouhar and Rojo, 2009; Pompa et al., 2010; H. Wang et al., 2010; Zouhar et al., 2010). There is genetic and biochemical evidence that ...
to the marking scheme for all papers
... examination in GCE BIOLOGY - HUMAN BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' response ...
... examination in GCE BIOLOGY - HUMAN BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' response ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... et al. (1997). In particular, transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressed a yeast-derived invertase in the vacuole exhibited a severe increase in turgor pressure within epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in ...
... et al. (1997). In particular, transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressed a yeast-derived invertase in the vacuole exhibited a severe increase in turgor pressure within epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in ...
NYS Lab: Diffusion Through a Membrane
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions
... with such attributes would be life’s most likely forebear. We propose that life evolved in structured iron monosulphide precipitates in a seepage site hydrothermal mound at a redox, pH and temperature gradient between sulphide-rich hydrothermal fluid and iron(II)-containing waters of the Hadean ocea ...
... with such attributes would be life’s most likely forebear. We propose that life evolved in structured iron monosulphide precipitates in a seepage site hydrothermal mound at a redox, pH and temperature gradient between sulphide-rich hydrothermal fluid and iron(II)-containing waters of the Hadean ocea ...
Ezrin: a protein requiring conformational activation to link
... The plasma membrane is the interface a cell has with its environment and its neighbors. It is the site of vectorial transport of ions and nutrients, reception of signalling molecules, and attachments to adjacent cells and the extracellular matrix. To perform these functions, the membrane is supporte ...
... The plasma membrane is the interface a cell has with its environment and its neighbors. It is the site of vectorial transport of ions and nutrients, reception of signalling molecules, and attachments to adjacent cells and the extracellular matrix. To perform these functions, the membrane is supporte ...
Systematic identification of cell size regulators in
... (Fig 1D and E). Overall, correlations between results of different screens were significant, but relatively low, stressing the difficulty of measuring cell size in high-throughput manner and the strong effect of environmental conditions on the average cell size. To select candidates for size control ...
... (Fig 1D and E). Overall, correlations between results of different screens were significant, but relatively low, stressing the difficulty of measuring cell size in high-throughput manner and the strong effect of environmental conditions on the average cell size. To select candidates for size control ...
Tubulin folding is altered by mutations in a putative GTP binding motif
... Tubulins are GTP-binding proteins (Jacobs et al., 1974; Weisenberg et al., 1976). β-tubulin is a GTPase, while αtubulin has no enzyme activity (Carlier, 1982). Tubulins have an invariant region rich in glycines that is found in α-, β-, and γ-chains and which is presumed to form a phosphate-binding l ...
... Tubulins are GTP-binding proteins (Jacobs et al., 1974; Weisenberg et al., 1976). β-tubulin is a GTPase, while αtubulin has no enzyme activity (Carlier, 1982). Tubulins have an invariant region rich in glycines that is found in α-, β-, and γ-chains and which is presumed to form a phosphate-binding l ...
Physical and Chemical Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... Under isotonic conditions, the situation is somewhatdifferent from the above. If the load is increased, the amplitude of the waves increases also. Whenthe load is decreased, the amplitude decreases correspondingly. With constant tension levels, the cyclic contraction wavesdo not tend to decrease the ...
... Under isotonic conditions, the situation is somewhatdifferent from the above. If the load is increased, the amplitude of the waves increases also. Whenthe load is decreased, the amplitude decreases correspondingly. With constant tension levels, the cyclic contraction wavesdo not tend to decrease the ...
Cell signalling - The Open University
... the same cell or group of cells it was secreted from. In development, autocrine signalling reinforces a particular developmental commitment of a cell type. Autocrine signalling can promote inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a ki ...
... the same cell or group of cells it was secreted from. In development, autocrine signalling reinforces a particular developmental commitment of a cell type. Autocrine signalling can promote inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a ki ...
Full-Text PDF
... least 60 genes. This must be considered as a minimum estimate, as a small part of the genome still remains to be sequence [1]. Rab GTPases cycle between active and inactive states, GTP-bound or GDP-bound forms, respectively. In the active conformation, Rabs interact with a high variety of Rab-effect ...
... least 60 genes. This must be considered as a minimum estimate, as a small part of the genome still remains to be sequence [1]. Rab GTPases cycle between active and inactive states, GTP-bound or GDP-bound forms, respectively. In the active conformation, Rabs interact with a high variety of Rab-effect ...
Folie 1 - German Cancer Research Center
... different structure, different distribution on cells in the body, and different function • Peptides, that bind to MHC class I or II are derived of different compartments and are of different length • The expression of MHC class I molecules can be regulated by interferon-g. ...
... different structure, different distribution on cells in the body, and different function • Peptides, that bind to MHC class I or II are derived of different compartments and are of different length • The expression of MHC class I molecules can be regulated by interferon-g. ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.